The economy is in a state of transformation into a new system, and it is quite realistic that economic entities will be under the influence of certain risky moments. The process of risk analysis and management should be considered by an enterprise as an integral part of enterprise management in extreme conditions of the economic development trajectory and be a guarantor of financial insurance. The goal of this study is the formation of a process approach in enterprise management—the creation of a universal risk management system based on the proposed risk management model to minimize the financial risks of an enterprise. We propose a risk management system that influences the forecasting of financial stability of an enterprise. To form the risk management system, we propose a model of an organisational system, the structural elements of which correspond to the principles of completeness, information capacity and consistency. We identified the diversity of direct and inverse relationships between factorial and productive characteristics, which indicates the complexity of the organisational system management process. The presence of “bottlenecks” in the implementation of expert systems tools was also noted. This was expressed in the difficulty of acquiring the knowledge necessary for the development of meaningful systems and structuring the knowledge gained in a form that is convenient for use. We used the method of qualitative modelling using the apparatus of weighted directed graphs. The study allowed us to formulate a list of factors that characterize the main activities of an enterprise in order to form a mathematical model of enterprise risk management. The developed predictive model is used to simulate extreme events and risks in the process of enterprise development, as one of the foundations of the enterprise management system in the conditions of economic transformation.
Based on the methodology of gender history, the history of everyday life and the history of leisure, the article discusses the issue of discrimination of Soviet women in the field of leisure in the 1920s. The authors assume that topicality of this research is determined by its lacking study, and additionally, by today's Russian realities, when problems of women's emancipation need solutions to face challenges similar to the ones of previous generations. The paper presents stereotypes of gender roles and leisure norms of a Soviet woman in the post-revolutionary socio-cultural environment in the 1920s. The results of the research showed that in everyday realities of a Soviet city in the 1920s, women were restricted in their opportunities to realize themselves in leisure. In the conditions of lower wage and the necessity to do household chores, women had no time and money for leisure. The Bolshevik slogan of women liberation was mainly of a declarative type. Actually, the government tried to regulate quite severely emancipation of Soviet women, who had to keep the balance between conventional patriarchal values, revolutionary ideas and everyday routine, which, in theory, granted the right to leisure, but gave no time, no money, no freedom in reality.
The article discusses the views on the Arctic region of Russia expressed by V.E. Dehn (1867-1933), an outstanding Russian researcher in the field of economic geography who developed the theoretical background of this science and contributed to the organization of teaching economic geography in theuniversities of St.Petersburg (Leningrad).The analysis of the book collection created by V. Dehnin 1902 at the Economic Geography Department at St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute which was regularly replenished with various publications on commodity science, railway engineering, aviation, statistics, geopolitics and other materialsenabled the authors to look into the «intellectual laboratory» of V. Dehn. In his assessments of the prospects for the Arctic region development, V. Dehn used the descriptions of sea polar expeditions, ethnographic surveys of the life of the aboriginal population, governmental reports and scientific reviews of the regional economy development, etc. Within the framework of sectoral economic and geographical concept, V. Dehn’s interest in the North region wasdue to the prospects for the development of forestry and timber industry in Russia. V. Dehnreferred to transport inaccessibility and low population density as the main obstacle for the economic development of the Arctic territories and Siberia. Hence, the researcher paid special attention to railway construction projects developed in the early twentieth century, considering them the primary factor in the colonization of the North. The historical development has shown that the colonization of the Arctic in the twentieth century was associated with the discovery of rich mineral deposits in the region and their industrial production. The researcher highlighted the global importance of the Northern Sea Route as a transport corridor.
The paper discusses the problems of knowledge transfer in the field of digital humanities (Digital humanities/DH). The transformation of ideas about digital humanities reflected in the latest publications is critically reviewed and the proposal to include relevant educational practices in this concept is grounded. The authors have made the forecast of digital humanities development based on the prospects of the 4th Industrial Revolution that radically change the relationship between the market and scientific environment. The paper presents the analysis of the factors that determine the importance of knowledge transfer in the humanities and the role of DH in the commercialization of intellectual potential. The authors suggest a new vision of knowledge transfer, pay special attention to the difficulties in its development in the Russian digital humanities and highlight promising areas of knowledge transfer programs for DH. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to update the knowledge transfer in the field of digital humanities re-focusing the research and development in this field.
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