Since natural sturgeon populations have drastically declined, aquaculture of these valuable fish is important to meet the ever‐increasing demand for meat and caviar, thereby reducing the pressure on natural sturgeon resources. There are two directions in sturgeon aquaculture: controlled propagation for release and commercial farming. The controlled propagation supports the conservation of natural fish populations, while the commercial cultivation of sturgeons supplies the needs of the consumer market with the delicacy production of caviar (mainly). This review deals with the current status of the controlled propagation and stocking in the Volga‐Caspian basin and the commercial farming of sturgeons in Russia. The article also investigates the management of farmed broodstocks of sturgeons, which are used for obtaining seedlings and caviar. It is for sure that the active and continuous development of the two directions of sturgeon aquaculture will allow preserving these unique ancient fish on our planet until natural populations can be re‐established by self‐sustaining populations.
Two-year-olds (15 individuals) and five-year-olds (15 individuals) of the Russian sturgeon × Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii × Acipenser baerii) hybrid, kept in net cages in the Volga delta, were studied after wintering in order to establish the functional state of the organism according to the complex of indicators of the erythron system and metabolism substances. The results of the performed study found that the erythron system in five-year-olds is characterized by a higher content of erythrocytes and blood hemoglobin (0.58 ± 0.01×10 12 l –1 and 64.98 ± 1.29 g/l, respectively), compared with two-year-olds (0.49 ± 0.02×10 12 l –1 and 64.98 ± 1.29 g/l, respectively).The serum iron content in both groups was the same. A higher content of total protein and albumin in the blood, as well as a greater activity of ALT were found in five-year-olds, compared with two-year-olds. Thus, the content of total protein and albumin in blood serum in five-year-olds was at the level of 48.23 ± 1.54 and 21.58 ± 2.34 g/l, respectively, and in two-year-olds — 32.42 ± 0.92 and 13,84 ± 0.61 g/l, respectively (p < 0.05). The activity of serum ALT in five-year-olds was 1.07 ± 0.06 μkat/l, and in two-year-olds — 0.85 ± 0.03 μkat/l (p < 0.01). Serum cholesterol in five-year-olds (3.94 ± 0.04 mmol/l) and two-year-olds (4.4 ± 0.08 mmol/l) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The content of serum triglycerides in five-year-olds (4.50 ± 0.49 mmol/l) and in two-year-olds (5.36 ± 0.45 mmol/l) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The study of carbohydrate metabolism revealed a pronounced variability in the glycemic index in the younger age group (coefficient of variation 44.7 %) with an average blood glucose value of 2.69 ± 0.31 mmol/l. The blood glucose content of five-year-olds was higher than that of two-year-olds — 3.84 ± 0.24 mmol/l (p < 0.05). The established parameters of variation and the age specificity of the indicators of the erythron system, protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism can be used to assess the state of physiological adaptation of the hybrid after wintering in cages in the Volga delta.
Three-year-olds (15 individuals) and eight-year-olds (15 individuals) of the sterlet × beluga hybrid (Asipenser ruthenus × Huso huso), grown in mesh cages in the Volga delta, were studied in the third decade of September 2019 in order to establish the functional state of the organism by blood parameters reflecting the state erythron and metabolism. The results of the performed study found that the erythron system differs in a smaller number of blood erythrocytes in eight-year-olds (0,76 ± 0,04 × 1012l –1) compared with three-year-olds (0,98 ± 0,04 × 1012l –1), in the absence of differences in blood hemoglobin and serum iron. Analysis of the state of protein metabolism showed that the content of total protein and the activity of ASAT in serum were the same in the groups. The serum albumin content in eight-yearolds was 17,87 ± 0,92 g/l, which was significantly less than in three-year-olds (24,15 ± 1,78) (p < 0,05). The relative content of serum albumin (as a percentage of total protein) in eightyear-olds was 51,04 ± 3,12%, which is less than in three-year-olds (72,51 ± 6,04%) (p < 0.01). The serum ALAT activity in eight-year-olds was lower than in three-year-olds (2,33 ± 0,16 and 2,93 ± 0,17 μkat/l, respectively) (p < 0,05). The results of the study of lipid metabolism revealed that serum cholesterol in eight-year-olds (2,62 ± 0,11 mmol/l) is less than in three-year-olds (1,39 ± 0,05) (p < 0,05). However, the serum triglyceride content did not differ between threeyear-olds and eight-year-olds, being 3,50 ± 0,07 and 3,26 ± 0,13 mmol/l, respectively. The glycemic values in three-year-olds and eight-year-olds are significantly different and amount to 1,80 ± 0,08 and 1,42 ± 0,11 mmol/l, respectively (p < 0.05). The results of the study can be used to assess the state of physiological adaptation of the hybrid and to determine the reference values of the parameters of the erythron system and metabolic homeostasis.
Three-year-olds (15 individuals) and six-year-olds (15 individuals) of the hybrid Russian sturgeon × Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii × Acipenser baerii), grown in net cages in the Volga delta, were studied at the end of the fishbreeding season in order to establish the functional state of the body according to a set of indicators of the erythron and metabolism. The results of the study revealed that the erythron system in six-year-old ROLO hybrids is characterized by a lower content of erythrocytes and blood hemoglobin (0.37±0.02 × 10¹²/l and 51.32±1.38 g/l, respectively), compared with three-year-olds (0.47±0.03 × 10¹²/l and 59.08±2.38 g/l, respectively) (p < 0.05). The content of serum iron in the groups of three-year-olds and six-year-olds did not differ (15.05±0.62 and 14.63±0.42 µmol/l, respectively) (p > 0.05). It has been established that indicators of protein metabolism in ROLO have age-related features. Thus, six-year-old hybrids have a higher level of whey protein content (39.3±1.34 g/l) and AST activity (4.71±0.11 µkat/l), but a lower level of ALT activity (1.67±0.18 µkat/l), compared with three-year-olds, in which the average values of these indicators were, respectively, 31.84±0.92 g/l, 3.05±0.39 and 2.58±0.16 mkat/l. Age differences were also found in the study of lipid metabolism. In the group of six-year-olds, the cholesterol content was lower than in three-year-olds (1.67±0.11 and 2.05±0.1 mmol/l, respectively) (p > 0.05). But the content of serum triglycerides did not differ significantly, only a tendency to a higher level of this indicator in six-year-olds compared to three-year-olds was noted (3.07±0.14 and 2.28±0.11 mmol/l, respectively). When studying carbohydrate metabolism, a higher level of glycemia was found in the group of six-year-olds compared to three-year-olds: 2.52±0.16 and 1.68±0.15 mmol/l, respectively (p > 0.05). The pronounced variability of the glycemia index in both groups is characteristic — the coefficient of variation was at the level of 25.3–33.6%. The established parameters of variation and age specificity of indicators of the erythron system, protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism can be used in assessing the state of physiological adaptation of the ROLO hybrid at the end of the growing period in cages in the Volga delta.
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