The ongoing ‘refugee crisis’ of the past years has led to the migration of refugee researchers (RRs) to European countries. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, RRs often had to work from home and/or to continue their social, cultural and economic integration process under new conditions. An online survey carried out to explore the impact of the pandemic on the refugee researchers showed that RRs found it difficult to adapt their everyday working life to the ‘home’ setting. The majority have had neither a suitable work environment at home nor the appropriate technology. Although they stated that they are rather pleased with the measures taken by the public authorities, they expressed concern about their vulnerability due to their precarious contracts and the bureaucratic asylum procedures, as the pandemic has had a negative impact on these major issues. The majority of RRs working in academia seem not to have been affected at all as far as their income is concerned, while the majority of those employed in other sectors became unemployed during the pandemic (58%). Recommendations are provided to the public authorities and policy makers to assist RRs to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic on their life.
Аннотация. В статье представлены основные этапы и механизмы становления власти как универсальной, повсеместной силы. Показано, что процессы рационализации, демократизации властных отношений становятся условием возникновения обезличенных форм власти. В античности власть рассматривалась как средство реализации универсальных законов, в Новое время как результат сознательных действий людей (общественный договор), в современном мире власть является основанием социального развития, «мировой жизненной универсалией». Трансформируясь, власть перестает быть внешней силой, формируя цели, потребности, продуцируя «послушные ей тела». Амбивалентность властных отношений в современных социумах проявляется в том, что демократичность и гуманность способов управления становится основанием для возникновения повсеместных, автономных, обезличенных, тотальных форм власти. А рациональная обоснованность как принцип организации обществ ведет к усилению рисков и снижению возможности прогнозировать дальнейшее развитие. Сущностным отличием власти является также то, что она изначально формируется в процессе деятельности людей, а затем обретает автономность, определяя как ход дальнейшего социального развития, так и продуцируя определенный тип личности.
The subject of the study is "power-knowledge" as a universal force serving as the basis for the formation of institutionalized forms of domination, cognitive and value norms, communication channels and behavior styles. The authors prove that the dynamic unity of knowledge and power has led to rapid changes in power relations, which allowed to identify periods and specific forms of existence of power. The main stages of the evolution of "power-knowledge" are the domination of objective norms, discursive and symbolic forms of power. The research investigates the change of forms of control: consideration of domination of objective norms as a condition for efficiency (success) of actions allowed to make transition from external supervision to self-control. The emergence of the next stage of the transformation of "power-knowledge" is due to the rapid development of knowledge, the ability to store and transmit increasing amount of information. Power being realized in the organization of information and financial communication flows seeks to control the processes of development, the dynamics of social systems. The power of discourse is manifested in the fact that in the process of formation of sign-symbolic systems, methods of information transferring, the construction of reality takes place. Power internalizes a certain order exerting influence on consciousness of people through symbolic systems, language grammatical norms, styles of knowledge. The peculiarity of symbolic power is a high degree of self-determination. Power exists in the system produced by its symbols not seeking to represent the interests of social groups. Power becomes a universal, impersonal force (code, discourse) located in the stream of symbols and codes. The essential difference of symbolic power is that it is not representative and continuously alters the "world view" in which a person lives. The main conclusion of the study is that the democracy and humanity of forms of manifestation of power are associated with the ubiquity of the spread and the emergence of total forms of enslavement. The domination of objective norms is aimed at producing a certain type of person; discourse constructs reality, symbolic power acts as a self-sufficient force, in which a person is forced to continuously seek ways to survive in a transforming world.
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