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PurposeThe emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) platforms in product companies opens up new data-driven business opportunities. This paper looks at the emergence of these IoT platforms from a business-model perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies a mixed method with two research studies: Study I–a cluster analysis based on a quantitative survey, and Study II–case studies based on qualitative interviews.FindingsThe findings reveal that there is no gradual shift in a company's business model, but in fact three distinct and sequential patterns of business model innovations: (1) platform skimming, (2) platform revenue generation and (3) platform orchestration.Research limitations/implicationsThe results are subject to the typical limitations of both quantitative and qualitative studies.Practical implicationsThe results provide guidance to managers on how to modify the components of the business model (value proposition, value creation and/or delivery and profit equation) in order to enable platforms to advance.Social implicationsAs IoT platforms continue to advance, product companies achieve better performance in terms of productivity and profitability, and more easily secure competitive advantages and jobs.Originality/valueThe paper makes three original contributions: (1) it is the first quantitative study on IoT platforms in product companies, (2) identifies three patterns of business model innovations and (3) offers a first process perspective for understanding the sequence of these patterns as IoT platforms advance.
Using a representative establishment data set for Germany, I show that, in line with the existing literature for several countries, firms' adjustment costs for employment are characterized by a fixed and convex functional form. Furthermore, they are asymmetric with dismissal costs exceeding hiring costs. An analysis of firms' adjustment in the period 1996-2010 also indicates that adjustment behavior has changed over time. Comparing the employment adjustment in the two observed business cycles comprising the years 1996-2003 and 2004-2010, I find that the adjustment speed was higher in the second business cycle indicating that adjustment costs have fallen in recent years. Keywords Adjustment costs • Dynamic labor demand • Employment adjustment • Germany JEL Classification C24 • D22 • E24 • J23 Betriebliche Beschäftigungsanpassung in Deutschland Zusammenfassung Anhand von repräsentativen Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels wird gezeigt, dass die Kosten der betrieblichen Beschäftigungsanpassung in Deutschland eine The author would like to thank Martina Eschelbach, Boris Hirsch, Claus Schnabel, Michael Zibrowius, two anonymous referees as well as participants at the IAB Establishment Panel Survey Conference, the 5th Ph.D.
Kurzfassung
Zunehmend kurzfristige Produktintegrationen oder die Skalierung von Absatzmengen stellen kontinuierlich auftretende Herausforderungen für die industrielle Montage dar. Die resultierenden Rekonfigurationen bedingen, durch die komplexe starre Verkettung der Montagesysteme, hohe Zeitaufwände und Kosten. Als Lösungsansatz wird die Organisationsform der freien Verkettung vorgestellt, um anschließend die notwendigen Randbedingungen und erste Ansätze für eine Umsetzung aufzuzeigen.
Policymakers and analysts are heavily promoting data marketplaces to foster data trading between companies. Existing business model literature covers individually owned, multilateral data marketplaces. However, these particular types of data marketplaces hardly reach commercial exploitation. This paper develops business model archetypes for the full array of data marketplace types, ranging from private to independent ownership and from a hierarchical to a market orientation. Through exploratory interviews and case analyses, we create a business model taxonomy. Patterns in our taxonomy reveal four business model archetypes. We find that privately-owned data marketplaces with hierarchical orientation apply the aggregating data marketplace archetype. Consortium-owned data marketplaces apply the archetypes of aggregating data marketplace with additional brokering service and consulting data marketplace. Independently owned data marketplaces with market orientation apply the facilitating data marketplace archetype. Our results provide a basis for configurational theory that explains the performance of data marketplace business models. Our results also provide a basis for specifying boundary conditions for theory on data marketplace business models, as, for instance, the importance of network effects differs strongly between the archetypes.
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