Kidney length and depth were measured by sonography in 46 normal children fro 0 to 16 years of age. Sonography was used to obtain kidney measurements without the known magnification caused by factors of chemical and photographic nature seen by urography. The results of our study were used to control the age-adapted equipment for renography in children. There was a good correlation between kidney length and depth and variables like age, weight, height and body surface area. The best values were found in the correlations to body surface area. We could confirm the previous findings by other methods of kidney size measurements in children that there is no significant difference in kidney length between boys and girls. The left kidney is slightly longer than the right one and the kidney centre distance is slightly but significantly larger on the left side. No such difference was present in the distance skin to kidney surface.
To increase the accuracy in the routine measurement of the side distribution of kidney function from 131I-Hippuran renograms, a simple method of background subtraction has been developed. Principally a background curve was adapted to the renogram on each side, assuming an initial amplitude corresponding to the amplitude of phase I of the renogram. The amplitudes of the renogram over background after 2 min is recognized as a measured of kidney function and a background quotient was calculated by dividing the background curve amplitude at 2 min with its initial amplitude. Mean values of the background quotient recorder over thorax was 0.62 and over an empty kidney region 0.73. It was found that a quotient of 0.70 could be used generally, thus omitting the need for a background curve registration at each renographic examination.
Kidney function in children by renography has been evaluated. For reproducible results a high degree of standardization with respect to position, hydration and dosage was necessary. The wide range of kidney size and depth in children requires age-adapted collimators. For practical use for different size have been constructed for the age-groups: less 1 year, 1-5 years, 6-9 years and 10-15 years. A reduction in the surrounding activity of the kidneys is thereby obtained and disturbing influence from the bladder or contralateral kidney is prevented. Kidney function variables from the renogram are presented in terms of uptake and excretion ratios. The correlation between sum of uptake ratios and clearance measurements is good in cases with slight or moderate difference in kidney size. The standardized renographic technique has many advantages for kidney function measurements in children. The method is applicable in all ages, it is simple and reliable without extensive preparations and requires a low radiation dose. Also in children we can confirm the previous opinion obtained in adults that renography is a clinical valuable method of measuring kidney function.
A case of systemic infection caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in a seven-year-old boy suffering from chronic granulomatous disease is described. The fungus had infiltrated his lungs, his left foot and the popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes. Amphotericin B, 1 mg/kg daily, was given for three months via a central venous catheter, Progressive anaemia made amputation of his left leg necessary. The bone tissue was heavily infiltrated with fungal elements. The regional lymph nodes were also resected because of fungal growth. After six months no fungi were found in liver aspirates taken on account of liver abscesses due to Staphylococcus aureus. The combined medical and surgical approach resulted in complete eradication of the Aspergillus infection, as verified by the disappearance of Aspergillus precipitins.
The suitability of the background-subtracted renogram as a method for separate kidney function in children was evaluated by comparison with planimetry of the individual renal parenchymal area measured from urography. In different groups of renal disorders the total kidney function as reflected by the glomerular filtration rate has been compared with the sum of right and left renal parenchymal areas. The percentage side distribution of kidney function estimated from the renogram combined with measurements of total glomerular filtration rate has been correlated to individual renal parenchymal area. A good correlation was found for both total and separate measurements. A moderate scatter around the regression lines has to be taken into consideration when kidney function is judged from planimetry. A highly significant correlation was observed between renography and planimetry for the percentage distribution of kidney function, indicating that both methods are well suited for determining the side distribution of kidney function. For calculation of individual kidney function, combination of renography and 51Cr-EDTA-clearance offers a reliable method with a modest dose of irradiation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.