IntroductionAccording to the current classification of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) of Disorders of Sex Development (DSD), etiologies vary around the world. Ethnic or genetic diversity probably explains this variability. We therefore conducted the present study on etiologies of DSDs in a country from central Africa.MethodsWe carried out an observational retrospective study at the Pediatric Endocrinology Unit of the Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation in Yaounde, Cameroon from May 2013 to December 2019. All patients diagnosed with a DSD were included, and incomplete files excluded.ResultsWe included 80 patients diagnosed with DSD during the study period. The 46,XX DSD were the most frequent in our study population (n = 41, 51.25%), with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) as the main diagnosis. The 46,XY DSD accounted for 33.75% and sex chromosome DSD group represented 15% of the study population.ConclusionsDSDs are not an exceptional diagnosis in a Sub-Saharan context. 46,XX DSD are the most prevalent diagnosis in our setting. The diagnosis of all these affections is late compared to other centers, justifying advocacy for neonatal screening of DSDs in our context.

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Introduction: Prematurity is a public health problem worldwide. Reducing the morbidity and mortality of prematurity through improved management techniques reveal the emergence of cardiovascular risk diseases, including kidney disease and high blood pressure, which can compromise health in adulthood. The prevalence of these diseases varies from country to country. The main objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with renal injury and high blood pressure in children born preterm. Methodology: We conducted a historical cohort study including children aged 6 to 11 years, matched for gender and sex in a 1:2 ratio. Data were collected from the records of premature and full-term infants hospitalized from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2013. Patients were reviewed during outpatient consultation, where height, blood pressure were measured and a urine dipstick was performed. Patients with high blood pressure or positive protein uria were seen again two weeks later for follow-up. The Fisher test and the Chi-square test were used to compare proportions. The significance threshold was defined for p<0.05. Relative risk (RR) was used to establish the risk relationship between the different variables. Results: We enrolled 125 children born preterm and 250 born at full-term. The mean age was 8.2+/-1.6 years with discrete female predominance. The cumulative incidence of pathologies varied according to type: 17.60% in preterm versus 2% in full-term (p?0,001) for high blood pressure and 69.60% in preterm versus 33.20% in full-term children (p?0,001) for proteinuria. Factors associated with renal in jury were the use of amino glycosides, aminophylline and neonatal infection. We found a correlation between the presence of proteinuria and high blood pressure (r=1.14, p=0.000002). Conclusion: Renal damage and high blood pressure were more common in children born preterm than in full-term. Associated factors were neonatal infection, use of amino glycosides and aminophylline.

Background: Auto-immune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I is a rare genetic disease, usually revealed by chronic superficial candidiasis and autoimmune endocrine dysfunction in childhood. Cases presentation: We report the cases of 2 children, a 4 years-11 months old boy and 13 years old adolescent, admitted and followed up in the endocrinology unit of the Mother and Child Centre of Chantal Biya's Foundation for auto-immune polyendocrine syndrome type 1. Conclusion: The occurrence of chronic cutaneous candidiasis in a child should always imply endocrine screening, to exclude auto-immune polyendocrine syndrome type I.

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Congenital hypothyroidism is a main congenital endocrine disorder, affecting 1 in 4000 births. It is not well described in sub-Saharan countries, and to draw attention to that issue, we decided to describe affected pediatric patients. We retrospectively analyzed the records of eight patients over a period of 6 years. We analyzed clinical sings of hypothyroidism and psychomotor development; hormonal assays and thyroid ultrasound were performed. We included four boys and four girls aged from 3 to 84 months at diagnosis with a median thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 156.5 mUI/L. All except one present with a moderate psychomotor delay. Other clinical signs were classical for hypothyroidism. Thyroid ultrasound performed showed a goiter in half of patients, a normal gland in three of them and a hypoplasic gland in the last one, consonant with dyshormonogenesis. We therefore concluded that dyshormonogenesis seems to be more frequent in our context, and this raised the issue of neonatal screening of hypothyroidism in Africa.

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