Cattle have been proposed as the natural reservoir of a novel member of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which has been tentatively classified as influenza D virus (IDV). Although isolated from sick animals, it is unclear whether IDV causes any clinical disease in cattle. To address this aspect of Koch's postulates, three dairy calves (treatment animals) held in individual pens were inoculated intranasally with IDV strain D/bovine/Mississippi/C00046N/2014. At 1 day postinoculation, a seronegative calf (contact animal) was added to each of the treatment animal pens. The cattle in both treatment and contact groups seroconverted, and virus was detected in their respiratory tracts. Histologically, there was a significant increase in neutrophil tracking in tracheal epithelia of the treatment calves compared to control animals. While infected and contact animals demonstrated various symptoms of respiratory tract infection, they were mild, and the calves in the treatment group did not differ from the controls in terms of heart rate, respiratory rate, or rectal temperature. To mimic zoonotic transmission, two ferrets were exposed to a plastic toy fomite soaked with infected nasal discharge from the treatment calves. These ferrets did not shed the virus or seroconvert. In summary, this study demonstrates that IDV causes a mild respiratory disease upon experimental infection of cattle and can be transmitted effectively among cattle by in-pen contact, but not from cattle to ferrets through fomite exposure. These findings support the hypothesis that cattle are a natural reservoir for the virus. IMPORTANCE A novel influenza virus, tentatively classified as influenza D virus (IDV), was identified in swine, cattle, sheep, and goats. Among these hosts, cattle have been proposed as the natural reservoir. In this study, we show that cattle experimentally infected with IDV can shed virus and transmit it to other cattle through direct contact, but not to ferrets through fomite routes. IDV caused minor clinical signs in the infected cattle, fulfilling another of Koch's postulates for this novel agent, although other objective clinical endpoints were not different from those of control animals. Although the disease observed was mild, IDV induced neutrophil tracking and epithelial attenuation in cattle trachea, which could facilitate coinfection with other pathogens, and in doing so, predispose animals to bovine respiratory disease.

A new member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, influenza D virus (IDV), was first reported in swine in the Midwest region of the United States. This study aims to extend our knowledge on the IDV epidemiology and to determine the impact of bovine production systems on virus spread. A total of 15 isolates were recovered from surveillance of bovine herds in Mississippi, and two genetic clades of viruses co-circulated in the same herd. Serologic assessment from neonatal beef cattle showed 94% seropositive, and presumed maternal antibody levels were substantially lower in animals over six months of age. Active IDV transmission was shown to occur at locations where young, weaned, and comingled calves were maintained. Serological characterization of archived sera suggested that IDV has been circulating in the Mississippi cattle populations since at least 2004. Continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the evolution and epidemiology of IDV in the bovine population.

Antigenic group 2 coronavirus was detected in a fecal sample of an adult alpaca by reverse transcription-PCR. The presence of alpaca coronavirus (ApCoV) in the small intestine was demonstrated by immune histochemistry with an antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibody that reacts with group 2 coronaviruses. Other common causes of diarrhea in adult camelids were not detected. We conclude that nutritional stress may have predisposed the alpaca to severe ApCoV infection. CASE REPORTA 4-year-old female alpaca was presented to the Oklahoma State University Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (BVMTH) for weight loss and a 24-h history of anorexia and diarrhea along with three other female alpacas. She was 1 of a herd of 42 alpacas that had been purchased approximately 7 weeks earlier. The recently purchased alpacas were added to an established herd of approximately 20 alpacas. This alpaca, as well as a few others, was thin when purchased and, according to owner records, had lost approximately 30 pounds prior to presentation to the BVMTH. The alpacas had recently been switched from a commercial alpaca feed that the original owner had been using to a commercially available no-choke feed (Pac-A-Nutrition Alpaca Crunch). They also were eating free-choice grass hay that had recently been purchased from a new source. A commercial alpaca mineral (Evans VitaminMineral Blend E) was available to all of the animals at all times. The owners had noticed that there were a few animals in the new herd that were not consuming the new feed or the mineral that was accessible to them. These animals, as well as some which were eating the feed, hay, and mineral readily, appeared to be losing weight as well.On physical examination, the alpaca was depressed but responsive, with a body condition score of 1/10, muscle wasting, and cachexia. The alpaca's incisors were extremely overgrown, and she had retained deciduous teeth. There were areas of alopecia over the dorsum of the muzzle, feet, and ears; the fiber was dull and easily epilated. The alpaca had profuse, foul-smelling, watery diarrhea. Differential diagnoses considered in this case included parasitism, salmonellosis, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection, Johne's disease, toxins (plants, heavy metals such as arsenic and lead), alpaca coronavirus (ApCoV) infection, and colibacillosis.Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture and submitted for a blood chemistry panel (Hitachi 747-100), a complete blood count (CBC; Bayer Advia 120), fibrinogen level measurement, a clinical nutrition/serum inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mineral panel, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) antibody detection by agar gel immunodiffusion, lead concentration measurement with a lead care analyzer, arsenic analysis by an ICP mineral panel, BVDV PCR, and colloidal osmotic pressure measurement. The initial CBC revealed leukopenia (1.4 ϫ 10 3 ; reference range, 8.3 ϫ 10 3 to 18.3 ϫ 10 3 ), marked neutropenia (154/ l; reference range, 4,000 to 16,000/ l), and nonregenerative anem...

Abstract. Renal papillary necrosis was diagnosed during postmortem examination of a juvenile whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Oklahoma. The deer was surgically treated for a Salter Harris type II fracture of the proximal tibia of the left hind limb. The animal was administered multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including meloxicam, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen for pain management. At postmortem examination, gross lesions included a proximal tibial Salter Harris type II fracture with an associated fibrinonecrotizing myositis and bilateral renal papillary necrosis. Histologically, the kidneys exhibited coagulation necrosis of the renal medulla and renal papilla, thrombosis of renal blood vessels, and interstitial medullary edema. The gross and microscopic lesion coupled with the clinical history of multiple NSAID administration suggests NSAID-induced renal papillary necrosis.Key words: Deer; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; renal papillary necrosis.A juvenile, 9.6-kg, female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was presented to Oklahoma State University Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Stillwater, Oklahoma) for suspected vehicle trauma. On admission, the deer had a heart rate of 168 beats/min, showed signs of discomfort, and was mildly dehydrated. Physical examination indicated a fracture of the left hind limb, and radiographs confirmed a Salter Harris type II fracture of the proximal tibia. The left hind limb was bandaged, and the animal was given a single intravenous dose of 2.2 mg/kg of ketoprofen. aThe following day, the animal was in pain, and surgical repair of the fracture was performed. The left hind limb was aseptically prepared according to standard hospital procedure. A 10-cm incision was made over the medial aspect of the proximal tibia centered over the fracture site. Open reduction of the fracture was performed, and the fracture was stabilized with the use of a cross-pinning technique with Kirschner wires. After pin placement, the fracture was deemed to be stabilized by manual manipulation of the fracture site. The subcutaneous tissues were sutured in a simple continuous pattern with 3-0 PDS* II. b The skin was then closed with 3-0 nylon suture material b in a cruciate pattern. Postoperative radiographs revealed that the pin placement was satisfactory, and the fracture was reduced. Recovery from anesthesia was uneventful.Postoperatively, the deer was given a single intravenous dose of 1.1 mg/kg of flunixin meglumine c and a constantrate infusion of 3.0 mg/kg of fentanyl per hour b ; the fentanyl was discontinued the next day. Additional pain medications administered to the deer for the 2 days after surgery included 1 daily oral dose of 0.2 mg/kg of meloxicam d and multiple subcutaneous doses of 0.3 mg/kg of morphine. d Various drugs were given for pain management in this case because of the availability of drugs and changes in administration route, depending on the stress level of the animal. The deer did not show any clinical signs of imp...

Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the intracellular rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, is endemic in several areas of the United States and has continued to impact cattle production. While considerable research has been done over the past several decades, control strategies for anaplasmosis have advanced minimally since the first anaplasmosis vaccine was marketed in the US in the 1960s. However, these research findings have continued to contribute to our overall understanding of the complexity of bovine anaplasmosis. With the advent of molecular biology, host/pathogen interactions are currently better defined and the classification of Anaplasma has been reorganized to include several organisms in addition to those that are host-specific for ruminants. In this review, the current status of anaplasmosis is discussed with the aim of providing insight to bovine practitioners on the future challenges for the management, diagnosis, and control of bovine anaplasmosis. This review focuses on updated information on the classification of the genus Anaplasma and related organisms, the developmental cycle of A. marginale in cattle and ticks, the role of male ticks in transmission of anaplasmosis, the diversity of A. marginale strains, the wildlife reservoirs of A. marginale, and the potential influence of climate change on the epidemiology of this serious disease. A second review will follow which focuses on current issues related to diagnosis and control of bovine anaplasmosis. Overall, the goal of these reviews is to provide an understanding of the current status of research and knowledge of bovine anaplasmosis and provide veterinarians answers to frequently asked questions.