In this article, we present breakthroughs and challenges in vaccine development for COVID-19 pandemic, discussing issues related to pandemic preparedness and their implications for circular bioeconomy and sustainability. Notwithstanding the unprecedented accelerated speed of COVID-19 vaccine development, just 9 months after the emergence of the pandemic in Wuhan, China, benefiting from previous developments in SARS and MERS vaccines, significant gaps persist in global vaccine preparedness. These gaps include issues related to immunity and protection, particularly to the limited vaccine protection against recent emergence of concerning new viral variants in the UK, South Africa, and Brazil and the consequent need for vaccine redesign. We examine these gaps and discuss the main issues that could impact on global vaccine availability in the current pandemic scenario: (1) breakthroughs and constraints in development and production of leading global COVID-19 vaccines; (2) innovation and technological development advances and gaps, providing information on global patent assignees for COVID-19, SARS, and MERS vaccine patents; (3) local capacity for development and production of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS vaccines in three emerging agro-based countries (India, Brazil, and South Africa); and (4) future scenarios, examining how these issues and vaccines redesign for new SARS-CoV-2 variants could impact on global access to vaccines and implications for circular bioeconomy and sustainability in the post-COVID era.
Background: According to the World Health Organization, about 76-85% of subjects in low- and middle-income countries suffer with a mental disorder. From them the most prevalent are anxiety and depression ones, with an increase in the number of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Antidepressants are drugs used to treat depression, but they are also used to treat subjects addicted to drugs. The development of new technologies/drugs/compositions is important for promoting access not only to drugs, but better drugs. The present study aims: 1. To carry out a survey of drugs under active development used to depression and dependency treatment (at least); 2. To evaluate, through the patent landscape, the patent documents filed in the past 10 years related to this class of drugs (antidepressants) in the context of technological scenario and 3. To promote a discussion about drugs used as antidepressants and to dependency treatment (at least). Results: The search provided a scenario of a small number of drugs used for depression and drug dependency under active development, the highest development phases, the main mechanisms of action and the antidepressants used as antiaddictives. The patent landscape retrieved 2067 applied documents filed over the last 10 years, showing that China leads in the number of deposits of these drugs/compositions/methods to treat depression (with 1758 applications) made by Chinese Institutes and Universities, followed by the United States (291 applications) and Japan (193 applications). The patents’ search also allowed us to evaluate the documents which the claims addressed (at least) to the treatment of depression and as antiaddictive. Conclusion: The analysis of under active development drugs presented those used as antidepressants and to the treatment of substances dependency in different stages of development, including the drugs in clinical studies. Indeed, the applications’ analysis on antidepressants has generated information about the technologies involved, as well as allowing the evaluation of the applications that are also promising for the treatment of addiction and depression.
RESUMOEste trabalho teve como objetivo traçar o panorama dos depósitos de patente de defensivos agrícolas (Herbicidas, Fungicidas e Inseticidas) realizado no Brasil nos últimos 20 anos. A busca foi realizada na base Derwent Innovations Index® usando o código manual de classificação C14-V (Herbicidas), C14-A06 (Fungicidas) e C14-B04B (Inseticidas). Os documentos de patente recuperados foram tratados e analisados por meio do software Vantage Point®. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma forte concentração dos pedidos entre as empresas estrangeiras, sendo em maior número as de origem Estadunidense e Europeia. A China apesar de ser um grande fornecedor de produtos para o mercado brasileiro demonstra pouco interesse em proteger suas tecnologias no Brasil. Foram identificados poucos depósitos de patente por residentes no Brasil revelando a necessidade de mais investimento em P&D e incentivos governamentais para que o país reduza seu déficit na balança comercial.Palavras-chave: Defensivos agrícolas. Patente. Agrotóxicos. THE PESTICIDE PATENT LANDSCAPE IN BRAZIL ABSTRACTThis study aimed to present an overview of pesticides patent application (herbicides, fungicides and insecticides) in Brazil in the last 20 years. The search was conducted in the database Derwent Innovations Index® by using manual codes C14-V (Herbicides), C14-A06 (Fungicides) e C14-B04B (Insecticides). Recovered patent documents were processed and analyzed using the Vantage Point® software. The results indicated a high concentration of patent filed from foreign companies, mainly American and European origin. China despite being a major supplier of products to the Brazilian market shows little interest in protecting its technologies in Brazil. It was observed that there is a small number of patents by residents requiring a greater interest in the development of research and government incentives for the country to reduce its trade deficit.
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