Tourism employee turnover is reaching dramatic percentages for many organizations, who strive to maintain proper staffing levels in a tight labor market. Turnover has been an expensive measure of performance in organizations, in terms of financial and operational effectiveness. Organizations and managers in the tourism and hospitality industry are facing real challenges in: recruiting, developing and maintaining a committed, well-managed and well-motivated workforce, where the main concern is ensuring the customers a high-quality service. This paper aims to measure the employee"s turnover rate in travel agencies in Lebanon and comparing its level between small and large enterprises in the tourism field. The study focuses as well on assessing the effectiveness level of the main HRM practices that apply to the hospitality industry, while measuring its impact on employee"s turnover. Moreover, this paper aims to study the relationship that exists between job satisfaction, loyalty, organizational commitment and turnover level. To reach the objectives of this study, a set of hypotheses were determined in order to be validated or rejected during the field study. Data were collected through a survey administered to employees in four travel agencies in Beirut, and deep interviews were held with the HR managers of these travel agencies. The main findings have shown that, turnover level in small agencies is higher than in large ones, while job satisfaction, loyalty and organizational commitment are low in small agencies and high in large enterprises. The Findings revealed as well that, HRM practices are well applied by managers in large travel enterprises comparing to small ones. This had positively impacted the employees" attitude thus, decreasing the turnover level.
Doubts exist about the ability of ecotourism to make tangible contributions to sustainable development. Despite the doubts ambiguity, ecotourism is closely related to sustainability. This paper aims to study the contribution of ecotourism to sustainable development in Lebanon from a market perspective. In order to assess the level of understanding of the ecotourism concept by the Lebanese nature-based tour operators and their contribution to sustainable development, field data related to their profile and practices was collected using a survey administered to 50 operators. The main findings showed that their compliance with the international ecotourism principles and guidelines is weak and that they have a low level of specialization. However, despite this fact, ecotourism is trending in Lebanon and is providing rural areas with some economic benefits and opportunities without having a comprehensive contribution to ecological conservation and cultural preservation. Two decades after its emergence in Lebanon, ecotourism remains an unorganized sector.
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