Chinese wives coming to the U.S. while their husbands study at American universities are cast in a untenable situation rooted in a conflict between Chinese socialization for gender roles and their status in the U.S. While China sanctions gender role equality in education and the workplace and paid work is expected of women and men alike, sojourning wives are thrust into a dependent position, at least for some unpredictable period of time during their stay in the U.S. This study examines what we refer to as gender role disruption, and how conflict between gender ideology and gender roles affects marital satisfaction, through the mediating effect of selfesteem, among wives of Chinese international students in the U.S. The study was framed by two theories–feminism and symbolic interactionism. A self-completion questionnaire and follow-up interviews were conducted with a sample of Chinese sojourning wives, generating both quantitative and qualitative data. Although the results of the quantitative data analysis did not find an association between gender role disruption and marital satisfaction, qualitative results suggested that gender role disruption was related to marital satisfaction, although indirectly, through variables illuminated in the in-depth interviews. In particular, individual characteristics, spousal support, and adjustment to the new culture seemed to be important to marital satisfaction in the sojourning context. Further research, using a larger sample and additional variables brought out through the qualitative data, would shed more light on this process. Implications for counselors, advisors, and others working with international students and their families are discussed.
This exploratory study examined perceptions of care quality within parent-pay youth treatment programmes such as therapeutic boarding schools, residential treatment centres, wilderness therapy programmes, and intensive outpatient programmes. Reflecting on their personal experiences as youths, 214 adults reported on a total of 75 different treatment settings. Two indices developed for this study measured participants' perceptions of quality of experience and the totalistic programme characteristics of their care settings. Regression analyses and ANOVA tests of means indicated a negative relationship between totalistic programme characteristics and quality of experience index scores. Significant relationships were not found between quality of experience and forcible transport, intake decade, or the amount of time in treatment. K E Y W O R D S quality of care, residential care, therapeutic boarding school, totalistic, totality of conditions, wilderness therapy 1 | INTRODUCTION This exploratory study examined perceptions of care quality within parent-pay youth treatment programmes such as therapeutic boarding schools, residential treatment centres, wilderness therapy programmes, and intensive outpatient programmes. Reflecting on their personal experiences as youths, 214 adults reported on a total of 75 different treatment settings. Two indices developed for this study measured participants' perceptions of quality of experience (QOE) and
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.