Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by most eukaryotic cells and participate in intercellular communication. The components of exosomes, including proteins, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA, etc., which play a crucial role in regulating tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in the process of cancer development, and can be used as a prognostic marker and/or grading basis for tumor patients. Hereby, we mainly summarized as followed: the role of exosome contents in cancer, focusing on proteins and noncoding RNA; the interaction between exosomes and tumor microenvironment; the mechanisms that epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration of tumor affected by exosomes; and tumor suppression strategies based on exosomes. Finally, the application potential of exosomes in clinical tumor diagnosis and therapy is prospected, which providing theoretical supports for using exosomes to serve precise tumor treatment in the clinic.

Due to the complex physiological structure, microenvironment and multiple physiological barriers, traditional anti‐cancer drugs are severely restricted from reaching the tumour site. Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are typically made up of 5–30 amino acids, and can be utilised as molecular transporters to facilitate the passage of therapeutic drugs across physiological barriers. Up to now, CPPs have widely been used in many anti‐cancer treatment strategies, serving as an excellent potential choice for oncology treatment. However, their drawbacks, such as the lack of cell specificity, short duration of action, poor stability in vivo, compatibility problems (i.e. immunogenicity), poor therapeutic efficacy and formation of unwanted metabolites, have limited their further application in cancer treatment. The cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs involve mainly endocytosis and direct penetration, but still remain highly controversial in academia. The CPPs‐based drug delivery strategy could be improved by clever design or chemical modifications to develop the next‐generation CPPs with enhanced cell penetration capability, stability and selectivity. In addition, some recent advances in targeted cell penetration that involve CPPs provide some new ideas to optimise CPPs.

Plants quickly accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to resist against pathogen invasion, while pathogens strive to escape host immune surveillance by degrading ROS. However, the nature of the strategies that fungal pathogens adopt to counteract hostderived oxidative stress is manifold and requires deep investigation. In this study, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) PsSOD2 with a signal peptide (SP) and the glycophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor, strongly induced during infection, was analysed for its biological characteristics and potential role in wheat-Pst interactions. The results showed that PsSOD2 encodes a Cu-only SOD and responded to ROS treatment. Heterologous complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest that the SP of PsSOD2 is functional for its secretion. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that PsSOD2 is localized to the plasma membrane. In addition, knockdown of PsSOD2 by host-induced gene silencing reduced Pst virulence and resulted in restricted hyphal development and increased ROS accumulation. In contrast, heterologous transient assays of PsSOD2 suppressed flg22-elicited ROS production. Taken together, our data indicate that PsSOD2, as a virulence factor, was induced and localized to the plasma membrane where it may function to scavenge host-derived ROS for promoting fungal infection.

In patients with gliomas, depression is a common complication that may cause severe psychological barriers and deteriorate the patient’s quality of life (QoL). Currently, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is the most commonly used tool to diagnose depression in patients with gliomas. Female sex, unmarried status, low education level, high tumor grade, and a history of mental illness may increase the risks of depression and depressive symptoms in patients with gliomas. The QoL of patients with gliomas can be directly reduced by depression. Therefore, the evaluation and intervention of mood disorders could improve the overall QoL of patients with gliomas. Antidepressant use has become a treatment strategy for patients with gliomas and comorbid depression. This narrative review summarizes the current issues related to depression in patients with gliomas, including the prevalence, risk factors, and diagnostic criteria of depression as well as changes in QoL caused by comorbid depression and antidepressant use. The purpose of this review is to guide clinicians to assess the psychological status of patients with gliomas and to provide clinicians and oncologists with a new treatment strategy to improve the prognosis of such patients.

RNA modification is a key regulatory mechanism involved in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and the immune response. However, the potential role of RNA modification “writer” genes in the immune microenvironment of gliomas and their effect on the response to immunotherapy remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of RNA modification "writer" gene in the prognosis and immunotherapy response of low-grade glioma (LGG). The consensus non-negative matrix factorization (CNMF) method was used to identify different RNA modification subtypes. We used a novel eigengene screening method, the variable neighborhood learning Harris Hawks optimizer (VNLHHO), to screen for eigengenes among the RNA modification subtypes. We constructed a principal components analysis score(PCA_score)-based prognostic prediction model and validated it using an independent cohort. We also analyzed the association between PCA_score and the immune and molecular features of LGG. The results suggested that LGG can be divided into two different RNA modification-based subtypes with distinct prognostic and molecular features. High PCA_score was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in LGG and was an independent prognostic factor. A nomogram containing PCA_score and clinical features was constructed, and it showed a significant predictive value. PCA_score was negatively correlated with tumor purity and the abundance of CD4+ T cells in LGG patients. LGG patients with high PCA_score had lower Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion scores and showed an immunotherapy response. In conclusion, we report a novel RNA modification-based prognostic model for LGG that lays the foundation for evaluating LGG prognosis and developing more effective therapeutic strategies for these tumors.