PurposeTo determine the effects of intra-operative Korean traditional music on pain experienced by Korean patients undergoing sequential bilateral cataract surgery.MethodsThis was a two-sequence, two-period, and two-treatment crossover study. Fifty-two patients with cataracts were divided into two groups by block randomization, and bilateral cataract surgery was performed. In group 1, patients listened to Korean traditional music (KTM) during their first but not second cataract surgery. This sequence was reversed for patients in group 2. After each surgery, patients scored their pain intensity (PI) using a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 was ‘no pain’ and 10 was ‘unbearable pain.’ResultThere was a statistically significant reduction in the mean VAS score with KTM (3.1 ± 2.0) compared to that without KTM (4.1 ± 2.2; p = 0.013). However, there were no statistically significant differences in blood pressure or pulse rates.ConclusionKTM had a significant effect on reducing pain experienced by patients during cataract surgery. This may be useful in the context of other surgical procedures to reduce pain in Korean patients.

ObjectiveThe analgesic effect of music has been recognized for pain relief, but individual differences and adjuvant methods are poorly understood. This study employed a cold-pressor task (CPT) to observe the effects of music (without considering personal preferences) on pain experience and how this is affected by individuals’ general (and pain-specific) anxiety symptomology.MethodsFifty participants were each presented with three conditions (randomized into different orders): music-listening, news-listening, and no sound (control). Pain responses, including pain tolerance time (PT), pain intensity (PI), and pain unpleasantness (PU), were assessed using CPT and compared with a 3x3 crossover design. Participants also completed the anxiety sensitivity index (ASI-16) and pain anxiety symptom scale (PASS-20).ResultsCPT pain responses during the music intervention were significantly different from responses during the news intervention and control conditions, respectively. Among participants with normal anxiety levels, pain responses during the music condition differed significantly from the news and control groups; this was not the case for the anxiety risk group. Pain responses during the music condition for those with normal levels of pain-specific anxiety differed significantly from the control, but this was not the case for the risk group.ConclusionsMusic appears to influence diminished pain responses relative to the absence of an intervention. However, this was not the case when individuals listened to news stories. These effects were more robust for individuals experiencing normal levels of general and pain-specific anxiety. Thus, music (even outside one’s own preferences) was an effective adjuvant method for managing pain, especially among those without significant anxiety symptomology.

Objectives: To assess the effects of Korean traditional music on perceived pain through cold-pressor task (CPT). Methods: This was a two-sequence, two-period, two-treatment crossover study and involved giving two treatments to each subject. Twenty-six subjects were divided into two groups by randomization, and CPT was performed. In sequence group 1, subjects listened to Korean traditional music (KTM) during their first period but not in the second period. This sequence was reversed in group 2. After each CPT, subjects' pain intensity (PI) in visual analog scale (VAS) and pain tolerance (PT) in time scale were measured. Anxiety sensitivity inventory (ASI-16) from subject was also measured to show the relationship between the pain responses and the degrees of anxiety. Results: There were statistically significant differences in PI with listening KTM (6.26 ± 2.25) compared to without listening KTM (6.69 ± 1.83; p < 0.0001) and in PT with KTM (15.42 ± 11.06) compared to without KTM (11.24 ± 8.54; p = 0.040). PI between normal and anxious group classified by anxiety scores was statistically significant. Conclusions: KTM has a meaningful effect on reducing PI and increasing PT during CPT. KTM effect in PI differs from normal and anxious group. These results may be useful in the context of other surgical procedures to reduce perceived pain.

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