The present study was undertaken in two village Tentuli and Talachampei of Keonjhar district of Odisha which come under the central north plateau zone. This zone is characterized by hilly upland area with reduced moisture holding capacity. Therefore an attempt has been made to study the various soil and water conservation practices on cost and return of crop production, to identify factors affecting yield of crops with different treatments and to study the farmer's perception of conservation agriculture production system. For this study 18 marginal and 2 small farmers were selected by employing multistage stratified random sampling method. Five different trials or treatments namely T 1 (Traditional practice), T 2 (Conventional tillage with HYV maize), T 3 (Conventional tillage with maize-cowpea intercropping), T 4 (Minimum tillage with maize as sole crop), T 5 (Minimum tillage with maize cowpea intercropping) were conducted in the field. It was observed that T 5 gave highest net return (Rs.57352.41/ha) followed by T 2 (Rs.54426.71/ha), T 3 (Rs.47376.12/ha), T 1 (Rs.46376.09/ ha). The lowest income of Rs.14359.9/ha was observed in case of T 1 . Fertilizer with minimum tillage and intercropping influenced gross income positively and significantly through soil and water conservation practice. High yielding variety and line sowing were two most influencing factors on crop production. Most profitable treatment according to farmer's perception was T 5 . Lack of irrigation facilities was important constraint in cultivation practices. Farmers should be trained for adoption of soil and water conservation practices like minimum tillage, residue mulching, inter-cropping, crop rotation, line sowing and use of HYV seeds for sustainable crop production.
A comparative study was done to estimate the marketed surplus and factors affecting it, price spread, marketing efficiencies and constraints of milk marketing in organized and unorganized sector in Cuttack district of Odisha. A random sampling method was employed for data collection from 120 farmers (82-organized and 38-unorganized sector). Average production, consumption, marketed surplus were 49.45, 4.96, 44.49 litres in organized and 46.97, 5.21, 41.76 litres per day per household in unorganized sector respectively. Marketing efficiencies for channels I, II, III, IV, V were 20.77, 14.45, 10.38, 7.84 and 11.38 respectively which implied that channel I was most efficient. Milk production and price of milk had positive and significant impact on marketed surplus; however family size had negative impact and significant in both market structures. Low price and irregular payments were major milk marketing problems in the study area. Hence, it was suggested that for getting marketing benefit, remunerative price with regular payment to the farmers is needed.
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