The global aquaculture sector has grown continuously over the past 40 years, though unevenly among countries. Differences in factors such as inputs, climate, management, technology, markets, social environment, and institutions might be reasons for the disparities in growth. This study focuses on institutions, by analyzing the relationship between annual growth in the production of the major aquaculture countries and the quality of their institutions over three decades (1984-2013). Based on an ex-ante set of criteria, seventy-four aquaculture countries from five different regions-Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania-were selected. Annual percentage change in total aquaculture production, in terms of quantity and value, was used as a proxy for sector development. Three indices-governance, corruption, and competitiveness-were used as institutional quality proxies. Empirical results suggest that the aquaculture growth did not significantly correlate with the quality of institutions. By region, Africa had the fastest growth in the aquaculture sector, though from a low base, with 7.35% and 9.28% higher annual percentage change in aquaculture quantity and value respectively, than the Asian region. While, the European region experienced significantly lower annual percentage change in aquaculture quantity, a difference of 3.78% compared to the Asian region. Furthermore, the study found that total aquaculture production was not positively correlated with eco-label certification. The study is concluded by discussing the "aquaculture paradox."
This study analyzes fresh and brackish water aquacultures-especially carp, tilapia, and shrimp production-in major Asian aquaculture-producing countries. Different indicators have been used, involving dimensions that may be affected by climate change. High diversity is believed to indicate high adaption capacity, while resilience is estimated by known biological properties of each species. The results confirm that China, by far, has the largest diversity of species and values, followed by Bangladesh, Indonesia and Vietnam. Evaluation of the resilience of major species in light of the impacts climate change may have on warming, seawater intrusion and reduced fish meal supply, indicates that shrimp species are more resilient than tilapia, carp and catfish. In general, resilience of aquaculture products in Asia seems to be high, and the aquaculture production could adapt to climate change impacts by proper modifications in farming systems and infrastructure facilities in the future.
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