The Karangbolong karst is situated in the southern zone of Java where Miocene limestone has been uplifted and has experienced karstification since the late Pliocene. The research documented here aims at exploring morphological characteristic of the area. Special interest is attributed to differentiation of valley or depression morphology, conical karst morphology, and the roles of jointing system and uplift history in their development. The morphology investigation was mostly undertaken using aerial photograph visual interpretation of panchromatic aerial photograph and analytically shaded DEM, as well as field observations. The results show that the general morphological features of Karangbolong karst are characterized by aligned valleys and aligned enclosed depression with three different patterns. The orientation of the valleys and enclosed depressions coincide with the structural pattern of the area, indicating that the formation of aligned valleys and aligned enclosed depressions is preferential dissolution through jointing. The residual hills are typified by conical karst morphology with sharp peaks. It is found that tight joint spacing appears to be the main reason for the sharp peak of the conical hills. Asides from jointing system, morphology of the area is likely governed also by topographical position and gravity sliding of the limestone bed during the uplift. Uplift history has important control on the differentiation of morphology between plateau part and sloping part. Limitation of this research is that the aerial photograph was not rectified well, because the analyses in this research
Namen pričujoče raziskave je pojasniti prenos in usodo ogljikovih spojin, ki so se razvile v tipičnem stožčastem kraškem sistemu v pokrajini Gunung Sewu. Posebna pozornost je bila namenjena določitvi toka ogljika ob upoštevanju stožčastega krasa kot enotnega sistema. Pri določitvi so bili upoštevani vnos ogljika v kraško območje, SOC, CO 2 v prsti, v delcih raztopljeni in organski ter tudi raztopljeni organski ogljik. Raziskava je potekala od leta 2012 do 2015. Izbrani sta bili dve raziskovalni območji, da bi bilo mogoče zajeti različne morfološke in hidrogeološke značilnosti. Zbiranje podatkov o vnosu ogljika je potekalo skozi vse leto na vznožju stožčastega hriba. V raziskavi so vir vnesenega ogljika predstavljali odpadno listje in stelja, rastlinski ostanki in organsko gnojilo. V analizo ocene SOC so bili v okviru terenskih meritev vključeni tudi zbrani vzorci prsti. DIC in DOC sta bila določena na po dlagi vzorcev iz podzemne reke Gilap. Rezultati so pokazali, da je tok ogljika v kraškem območju Gunung Sewu pretežno posledica kmetijske dejavnosti. Temu primerno je vnos orga nskega ogljika v kraško območje rezultat prostorske porazdelitve kmetijske dejavnosti in njene intenzivnosti. Vnos organskega ogljika je glede na delež sledeč: organsko gnojilo > odpadno listje in stelja > rastlinski ostanki. Vsebnost CO 2 v prsti je glede na globino in letni čas različna. Glede na letni čas se spreminja tudi vsebnost organskega ogljika v prsti, saj ga je največ v deževnem obdobju. Večina ogljika je skladiščenega v obliki SOC, 20 % se ga zaradi dihanja tal sprosti v ozračje, 9 % pa je ob kroženju vode v obliki raztopljenega organskega ogljika in v delcih raztopljenega organskega ogljika prenesenega globlje v tla. Rezultati kažejo, da je ponor ogljika v kraško območje v primerjavi s preteklimi ocenami, pridobljenimi iz DIC, desetkrat višji. Ključne besede: organski ogljik v prsti, tok ogljika, Gunung Sewu, Java, ponor ogljika v kras.
Flood is the most frequent disaster occured in Indonesia. Flood events result in loss and damage to communities and the environment. Floods are triggered by several factors including hydrometeorological factors, topography, geology, soil and human activities. Topographic factor is one of the flood trigger control factors. Topographic calculation for flood inundation detection can be done by Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) method. The TWI method focuses on topographic conditions of the region, especially the upper slopes and lower slopes to assess the trend of water accumulation in a region. TWI calculations are based on the topography of an area represented by DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data in the form of DTM (Digital Terrain Model). The high value of TWI is associated with high flood vulnerability. Based on the calculation of TWI value, flood-prone areas in Kebumen District include Adimulyo Subdistrict, Puring Subdistrict, Ambal Subdistrict, Rowokele Subdistrict and Buayan Subdistrict.
As of the beginning of September 2021, the COVID-19 outbreak has lasted for more than 1.5 years in Indonesia, especially on Java and Bali islands. Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia, is one of the areas that continued to impose restrictions on community activities at the highest level for that period. This is due to the high rate of COVID-19 spread in this region. In this paper, the influence of landscape and meteorological parameters on the spread of COVID-19 risk in Yogyakarta is investigated. This study utilises primary and secondary data obtained from observation, remote-sensing-image interpretation, literature study and data documented by several agencies. The data were statistically analysed using simple linear regression and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis utilising the average nearest neighbour. The results show that the variation in landscape and meteorological parameters in the Yogyakarta area does not have a significant impact on the spread of COVID-19. Ease of accessibility in various areas of Yogyakarta is able to overcome landscape barriers. This affects the random distribution pattern of COVID-19, clustering in plain areas that facilitate population mobility rather than in mountainous, volcanic or karst areas. Also, meteorological conditions with small variations do not impact the spread of COVID-19. In summary, this study shows that ease of mobility in a medium-wide area can encourage the spread of COVID-19 in various regions even though there are variations in its terrain and climate.
Scientists widely use satellite images for scientific purposes, including investigation on earth science and environmental issues. Developing of many environmental models is due to replicating the natural process. Landslide is a known natural process controlled by slope stability which incorporates many parameters such as soil water content, morphology, and meteorological factor. Both LST and SMI were derived from satellite images, while SMI was the derivation of LST, meanwhile the use of both parameters in determining slope stability was rarely done. This research explores the use of LST and SMI in slope stability modeling. The LST analysis was calculated based on SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms) using Landsat 8 imagery. The LST was then used to construct the SMI. Slope stability (FS) was calculated using the Selby model. All those variables were then cross-plotted in a regression to find the R2 value. The result shows a weak connection between FS-LST and FS-SMI with the R2 value of 9,09% and 8,16%. A stronger connection is only demonstrated in FS-Slope regression with a value of 70,98%. The weak R2 indicates that the model is not fit to calculate the FS of the Selby model. The LST and SMI were derived from satellite images and did not directly correspond to the soil characteristic as SMI was derived from LST and vegetation indices. Further empirical data collection needs to be used to build a better model on FS.
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