Background Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rates remain fairly low through most communities despite multiple interventions through the years. Understanding the attitudes and fears behind CPR training and performance would help target education and training to raise the rates of bystander CPR and consequently survival rates of victims. 7909 participants at a single-day mass CPR training session in Singapore were given survey questionnaires to fill out. 6473 people submitted completed forms upon the conclusion of the training session. Some issues looked at were the overall level of difficulty of CPR, difficulty levels of specific skills, attitudes towards refresher training, attitudes towards performing CPR, and fears when doing so. Results The mean level of difficulty of CPR was rated 3.98 (scale of 1–10), with those with previous CPR training rating it easier. The skills rated most difficult were performing mouth-to-mouth breathing and chest compressions, while the easiest rated was recognizing non-responsiveness. A majority (69.7%) would agree to go for refresher training every 2 years and 88.7% felt everyone should be trained in CPR. 71.6% would perform full CPR for a member of the public in cardiac arrest and only 20.7% would prefer to only do chest compressions. The most cited fear was a low level of confidence, and fears of acquiring infections or aversion to mouth-to-mouth breathing were low. Conclusions The survey results show that most participants in Singapore are keen to perform conventional CPR for a member of the public and can help to target future CPR training accordingly.
Background and Aims: Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple new variants have emerged posing an increased risk to global public health. This study aimed to investigate SARS-CoV-2 variants, their temporal dynamics, infection rate (IFR) and case fatality rate (CFR) in Bangladesh by analyzing the published genomes. Methods: We retrieved 6610 complete whole genome sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 from the GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing all Influenza Data) platform from March 2020 to October 2022, and performed different in-silico bioinformatics analyses. The clade and Pango lineages were assigned by using Nextclade v2.8.1. SARS-CoV-2 infections and fatality data were collected from the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh. The average IFR was calculated from the monthly COVID-19 cases and population size while average CFR was calculated from the number of monthly deaths and number of confirmed COVID-19 cases.Results: SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in Bangladesh on March 3, 2020 and created three pandemic waves so far. The phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 variant(s) into Bangladesh with at least 22 Nextstrain clades and 107 Pangolin lineages with respect to the SARS-CoV-2 reference genome of Wuhan/Hu-1/2019. The Delta variant was detected as the most predominant (48.06%) variant followed by Omicron (27.88%), Beta (7.65%), Alpha (1.56%), Eta (0.33%) and Gamma (0.03%) variant. The overall IFR and CFR from circulating variants were 13.59% and 1.45%, respectively. A time-dependent monthly analysis showed significant variations in the IFR (p = 0.012, Kruskal-Wallis test) and CFR (p = 0.032, Kruskal-Wallis test) throughout the study period. We found the highest IFR (14.35%) in 2020 while Delta (20A) and Beta (20H) variants were circulating in
Background: Nowadays, Health Care Professionals’ (HCPs) are increasingly using mobile phones which may act as reservoirs and vector for transmission of pathogens. The presence of multidrug resistant nosocomial microbes on the surface of mobile phones used by HCPs in hospitals can pose a great public health threat. So, this research was conducted to identify the concerned multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and also to explore the recent status of bacterial contamination on mobile phones of HCPs in the Jashore region of Bangladesh and determine their antibiotic resistance pattern. Methods: Swab samples of mobile phones were collected between June and September 2019 from 24 different users (i.e., manager, worker, doctor and nurse) associated to four distinct hospitals of Jashore region, Bangladesh. After suitable morphological and biochemical identification, we determined their antimicrobial susceptibility by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method by using 18 antibiotics for Gram positive bacteria and 19 antibiotics for Gram negative bacteria. Later, the MDR isolates were grouped by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and 16S rRNA sequencing with phylogeny were performed to confirm the bacteria at species level. Results: A total of 38 bacterial isolates were obtained from the sample. Enterobacter spp. isolates showed maximum resistance against Amoxicillin, followed by Ampicillin and Aztreonam (80% each) and one isolate showed highest antibiotic resistance (15 out of 19) among all the isolates. In addition, Staphylococcus spp. and Exiguobacterium spp. isolates showed 100% resistance against Penicillin, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin and Cefotaxime. On the contrary, all of the isolates of Escherichia spp., Bacillus spp., Proteus spp. were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. Surprisingly, 20 MDR isolates were showing resistance to at least 2 antibiotics. Subsequently, three distinct genera of these MDR isolates were identified by ARDRA; the strains Enterobacter cloacae (75%), Staphylococcus warneri (15%) and Exiguobacterium aurantiacum (10%) were confirmed by the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. Conclusion: We found that cell phones can act as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant pathogens, causative agents for Hospital-acquired infections. An effective hygiene practice for health care personnel should be introduced to prevent the cross-contamination by their cell phone Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 643-656
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