The Lembata Regency, which is located on Lembata Island in eastern Indonesia, is a region with high water scarcity. Appropriate efforts should be made to ensure the drinking water supply in the area. A water supply-demand analysis is needed to determine the condition of water sources (surplus or deficit). Water supply is determined based on rainfall data, while water demand is calculated based on domestic, nondomestic and irrigation needs, including evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration is calculated using the Thornthwaite method. The results showed that a water deficit would exist in the Lembata Regency in 2033 for seven months per year (May to November), although the amount of accumulated water in one year would still be surplus. Therefore, it is recommended to store water in a raw water reservoir during the rainy season for use during the dry season. The minimal total reservoir capacity is 95,000,000 m 3 , and the reservoir should be spread among watersheds in Lembata. The raw water reservoirs need to be lined with a geomembrane to prevent lost water from seeping into the soil.
Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stalks as lignocellulosic agricultural biomass residues are one of the agricultural wastes that do not have economic value and are abundant enough in Indonesia. Compared to sugar cane, total sugar in the sorghum stalk had almost same juice yield. On the basis of the sufficient total sugar content in the sorghum crop residues, sorghum stalk is one of the promising potential sources for bioethanol production. This study was conducted to determine the optimum substrate concentration and microorganism capability to fermentation sorghum stalks using Separated Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) method. The pretreatment conducted in this study was carried out using physical and chemical methods. The sorghum stalks were treated with chopping, drying, grinding and separate with the concentration of 25 grams (5%) and 50 grams (10%), then 0.25% H 2 SO 4 was added and heated at the temperature of 121°C for 10 minutes. The enzymatic hydrolysis method using T.viride and A.niger was performed. After hydrolysis, 20% S.cerevisiae CC 3012 or 20% consortium S.cerevisiae CC 3012-P.stipitis were added for the fermentation process. The data obtained in this research pertanied to the value of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, reducing sugar, C, N, P, and bioethanol. The results of this study indicated the highest ethanol yield is produced by 50 g substrate as the optimum substrate using the consortium of S. cerevisiae CC 3012-P. stipitis for 24 hours of fermentation.
The use of disposable diapers is increasing every year, increasing generated diaper wastes every year. In Surabaya, diaper wastes have become an important issue when they are not treated properly. These diaper wastes will end up in water bodies and cause pollution. One of the technologies that can be used to treat diaper wastes is composting. Disposable diaper wastes consist of high lignocellulose and C content. It is necessary to mix diaper wastes and other wastes with high N content as a co-substrate, so that the optimum C/N ratio of composting can be achieved. In this research, vegetables wastes were used. The Objective of the research was to determine the effect of vegetable wastes adding as a co-substrate in composting of disposable diapers and volatile solid (VS), C-organic, and Total Nitrogen (TN) content changed during the composting process. The research was carried out with three variables mixtures of diaper wastes and vegetable wastes. Two control consist of 100% diaper wastes and 100% vegetables wastes. The Total weight of raw materials was 10 kg for each reactor. The composting process is carried out aerobically with a composting time of 60 days. The results showed that vegetable wastes have the potential to be used as a co-substrate for diaper wastes. The content of C-organic, VS and total nitrogen decreased. All of the parameters include C/N ratio meet the Indonesian Standard of compost.
Aktivitas domestik, industry dan pertanian menyebabkan sebagian besar sungai di Indonesia telah terkontaminasi oleh air limbah organik. Hal ini menyebabkan enceng gondok tumbuh subur di sumber-sumber air seperti sungai dan danau. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan laju penurunan kadar karbon organic untuk menghasilkan biogas yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai energy alternarif. Percobaan dilakukan pada tiga reactor, dua reactor uji (Reaktor A dan B) dan satu reaktor kontrol (Reaktor C). Bahan baku eceng gondok sebanyak 15 kilogram per reaktor. Reaktor A ditambahkan Mikroorganisme M-16 dan dilakukan pengadukan. Reaktor B ditambahkan Mikroorganisme M-16 dan tanpa pengadukan. Pengadukan dilakukan sepuluh putaran dengan memutar drum 360 ° setiap hari. Penelitian dilakukan selama 60 hari. Parameter yang dianalisa adalah suhu, kadar air, pH dan produksi gas yang diukur setiap hari. Karbon dan Nitrogen diukur setiap 5 hari sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan kandungan karbon pada Reaktor A 2,7 lebih cepat dan Reaktor B 2 lebih cepat dibandingkan Reaktor C. Pembentukan biogas pada reactor A 1,8 lebih banyak jika dibandingkan dengan reactor C dan Reaktor B 1,4 lebih banyak jika dibandingkan dari Reaktor C.
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