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Recently, deep eutectic solvent (DES) or ionic liquid (IL) analogues have been considered as the newest green solvent, demonstrating the potential to replace harsh volatile organic solvents. DESs are mainly a combination of two compounds: hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which have the ability to interact through extensive hydrogen bonds. A thorough understanding of their physicochemical properties is essential, given their successful applications on an industrial scale. The appropriate blend of HBA to HBD can easily fine-tune DES properties for desired applications. In this context, we have reviewed the basic information related to DESs, the two most studied physicochemical properties (density and viscosity), and their performance as a solvent in (i) drug delivery and (ii) extraction of biomolecules. A broader approach of various factors affecting their performance has been considered, giving a detailed picture of the current status of DESs in research and development.

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The experimental densities ρ and speeds of sound u for pure 1-hexyl-3methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C 6 mim][BF 4 ]), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C 8 mim][BF 4 ]), butylamine (BA), and octylamine (OA) from (293.15 to 323.15) K and binary mixtures of the ionic liquids (ILs) with amines at (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K have been reported. The isentropic compressibilities, κ S , Rao's molar sound functions, R, intermolecular free lengths, L f , excess molar volumes, V m E , and excess isentropic compressibilities, κ S E for binary mixtures were derived. The V m E and κ S E of the binary mixtures are negative and decrease with increasing temperature, with the exception of V m E being positive for [C 6 mim][BF 4 ] and [C 8 mim][BF 4 ] + OA in the high IL mole fraction region. The Prigogine−Flory−Patterson (PFP) theory has been applied to interpret the u and V m E data.

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