The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Naringin on memory of unstressed and stressed Swiss young albino mice. Naringin (80 mg/kg, i.p.) and donepezil (10 mg/kg) were administered for 21 successive days to separate groups of unstressed and stressed mice. The nootropic activity was evaluated using elevated plus maze and Hebbs Williams Maze. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), brain nitrite and plasma corticosterone levels were also estimated. unpredictable chronic mild stress was produced by using different stressors. Naringin (80 mg/kg) and donepezil significantly showed memory enhancing activity in both unstressed and stressed mice. Naringin significantly reduced brain AChE activity and brain nitrite levels in both unstressed and stressed mice. Naringin (80 mg/kg) significantly reversed scopolamine-induced amnesia in unstressed and stressed mice. 7-Nitroindazole [a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor] and aminoguanidine (an inducible NOS inhibitor) significantly enhanced memory improving activity and brain nitrite decreasing effect of naringin in unstressed and stressed mice respectively. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly decreased by naringin (80 mg/kg) in stressed mice as compared to its control. Thus, naringin showed memory enhancing activity in unstressed mice probably by decreasing brain AChE activity and by inhibition of neuronal NOS. The memory enhancing activity of naringin in stressed mice might be due to decrease in brain AChE activity, inhibition of inducible NOS and also by decreasing the elevated plasma corticosterone levels.
The aim of this study is to evaluate comparative effects of valsartan vs trandolapril in STZ induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Albino rats (250-300 g) of either sex were used. Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) was induced by injecting STZ (50 mg/kg, I.V.) single dose. Animals were divided into 5 groups of 10 each. Group I-control, Group II-diabetic (STZ), Group III-valsartan (5 mg/kg, p.o.) daily, 5 days prior to STZ and continued for 12 weeks + STZ, Group IV-trandolapril (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) daily, 5 days prior to STZ and continued for 12 weeks + STZ, Group V-insulin (5U/day, S.C.) + STZ. Blood and urine tests (blood sugar, serum creatinine, urine volume, urine protein and urine creatinine) were performed every month for 3 months. Marked hyperglycaemia, polyuria, proteinuria, and elevated serum creatinine level was observed in STZ diabetic rats. Valsartan as well as trandolapril pretreated animals showed a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in serum creatinine, and urinary protein excretion. However, valsartan was more potent than trandolapril in this regard. Both valsartan and trandolapril prevents progressive diabetic nephropathic changes in rats, however, valsartan was more potent than trandolapril.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with many pathophysiological conditions. The aim of present review is to understand the learning and cognitive processes and study the various parameters related to Alzheimer's Disease. The pathophysiological mechanism of the AD has been studied and neurotransmitters used in learning process and cognitive function have been described. The main pathophysiological symptom behind AD is β-Amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary entangles. The other reasons of AD include synaptic failure, decrease in calcium regulation, inflammatory mediators, problem in insulin signaling, depletion of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Cholinergic system is the major system involved in the learning and cognitive behaviour. The roles of various other neurotransmitters like angiotensin, GABA, dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, histamine, nitric oxide and nerve growth factors have also been described. The neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, adrenaline and dopamine have been found to improve cognitive behaviour while NMDA, GABA, serotonin, histamine and angiotensin have diminishing effect on memory.
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