The present study was aimed at investigating the role of in ovo administered amino acids: lysine, arginine, threonine or methionine plus cysteine (Met+Cys) in 14-day embryos on expression profile of growth (chicken growth hormone (cGH), insulin like growth factors (IGF) I and II, and mucin) and immunity related genes (IL-2, IL-4, . On incubation day (ID) 18, higher (P < 0.01) cGH and mucin gene expression was observed in lysine, threonine, arginine or Met+Cys injected embryos, while IGF-II expression was higher in threonine, arginine or Met+Cys injected embryos on ID 20. Expression of growth genes was down regulated (P < 0.01) on day of hatch in most of the amino acids injected chicks. On day 7 post-hatch (PH), threonine or arginine exhibited higher expression of cGH, IGF-I, and IGF-II but higher mucin gene expression only on day 14 PH. Threonine or Met+Cys injected birds had higher expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, while arginine injected birds had higher TNF-α expression. Lysine, threonine or Met+Cys injected birds had higher IL-2, but lower of IL-12 and IFN-γ gene expression. It is concluded that arginine and threonine enhanced the expression of growth related genes, while threonine and Met+Cys modulated expression of immune genes in broiler chickens.
Background: Eighty percent of premature mortality from cardiovascular disease occurs in low-and middleincome countries. Hypertension, diabetes, and smoking are the top risk factors causing this disease burden. Objectives: The study aimed to test the hypothesis that utilizing community health workers (CHWs) to manage hypertension, diabetes and smoking in an integrated manner would lead to improved control of these conditions. Methods: This was a 2-year cluster (n ¼ 12) randomized controlled trial of 3,556 adults (35 to 70 years of age) in a single town in India, who were screened at home for hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. Of these adults, 1,242 (35%) had at least 1 risk factor (hypertension ¼ 650, diabetes ¼ 317, smoking ¼ 500) and were enrolled in the study. The intervention group had behavioral change communication through regular home visits from community health workers. The control group received usual care in the community. The primary outcomes were changes in systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and average number of cigarettes/ bidis smoked daily among individuals with respective risk factors. Results: The mean AE SD change in systolic blood pressure at 2 years was À12.2 AE 19.5 mm Hg in the intervention group as compared with À6.4 AE 26.1 mm Hg in the control group, resulting in an adjusted difference of e8.9 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]: e3.5 to e14.4 mm Hg; p ¼ 0.001). The change in fasting blood glucose was À43.0 AE 83.5 mg/dl in the intervention group and À16.3 AE 77.2 mg/dl in the control group, leading to an adjusted difference of e21.3 mg/dl (95% CI: 18.4 to e61 mg/dl; p ¼ 0.29). The change in mean number of cigarettes/bidis smoked was nonsignificant at þ0.2 cigarettes/bidis (95% CI: 5.6 to e5.2 cigarettes/bidis; p ¼ 0.93). Conclusions: A population-based strategy of integrated risk factor management through community health workers led to improved systolic blood pressure in hypertension, an inconclusive effect on fasting blood glucose in diabetes, and no demonstrable effect on smoking. (Study of a Community-Based Approach to Control Cardiovascular Risk Factors in India [SEHAT]; NCT02115711).
In our population in semiurban India, one in three adults have a major cardiovascular risk factor, with low control rates. There is a large burden of undiagnosed cardiovascular risk factors and a large gap between treatment and control, which may be explained by lack of treatment intensification.
Recently there has been upsurge in the cases of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) with increased prevalence of obesity in the general population. It has been continuously proved that OSA and metabolic syndrome go hand in hand and hence OSA predisposes an individual to a series of cardio-vascular disorders like ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia etc. In this article we have emphasized the possibility of ocular involvement in OSA patients. Several studies have shown ocular associations like floppy eye lid syndrome, glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, papilledema, keratoconus, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy etc. Through this review, we would like to highlight the ophthalmological associations of OSA, their pathogenesis and outcome with the treatment of OSA.
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