The brake lining is an important component of a train's breaking system as a friction material needed to reduce speed of wheel rotation. Brake linings on the market are mostly asbestosbased, which is not very heat resistant and is not suitable for wet conditions. Asbestos brake linings are health endangering, cause slip, and are not environmentally friendly. This research aimed to create a heat and friction resistant, asbestos-free composite for train brake linings. The compositions used in this research are carbon fiber, acrylic fiber, glass fiber, metal fiber, and mineral fiber as reinforcing materials. Phenolic resin is used as the matrix with barium sulfate as the catalyst. Additional materials were used to improve friction and wear resistance, such as graphite, cashew nut particles, acrylonitrile butadiene elastomeric, nano-silica, vermiculite, and calcium hydroxide. Carbon fiber was varied at 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30% (w/w). Nano-silica was varied at 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0% (w/w). The composites were made by sintering and physical and mechanical properties were tested according to relevant standards. Carbon fibers from 0.1-0.3 wt.% were introduced to improve temperature endurance and the friction coefficient. In addition, nano-silica loadings from 0-1 wt.% decreased porosity and improved wear endurance. Carbon fibers content between 0.25-0.3 wt.% gave optimal endurance of friction temperature. Nano-silica content between 0.8-1.0 wt.% gave optimal wear endurance. SEM indicated that addition of nano-silica in this composite reduced porosity making the block more dense. Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/lpte 246 Downloaded by [University of Western Ontario] at 03:45 08 February 2015 INTRODUCTIONBrakes are one of the most important components of a train because they decelerate and stop the train's movement. The brake system comprises of a brake lining, brake plate, brake master, coil, pedal, hose, toggle, hydraulic, vacuum tube, brake lining indicator and other parts. The brake lining gives direct friction to the wheel drum to decrease speed. The greater the friction between the brake lining and wheel, the quicker the deceleration [1] .Friction between the surface of the brake lining and the wheel causes heat. Pressure of the brake lining at surface of the wheel converts kinetic energy into thermal energy in the form of heat dissipation. The higher the pressure of the brake lining to the wheel, and the longer duration of friction, the more heat must be dissipated [2] . Temperature changes affect the friction coefficient. The rise of temperature at the contact surface usually makes the friction coefficient decrease [3] .A good brake lining should have a high friction coefficient and stability across the temperature range of brake operation. Friction causes wear at the contact surface. Hence, a brake lining should have wear resistance and meet the requirements of holding, good pedal feel, quiet operation, no brake pul...
Perubahan acuan pengujian aki dari SNI 09-0038-1999 ke SNI yang baru yaitu SNI 0038:2009 membutuhkan kajian dan penyesuaian terutama mengenai perhitungan nilai frekuensi untuk uji getar. Hasil perhitungan ini diperlukan dalam operasional pengujian aki sebagai parameter kendali getaran. Pada tulisan ini, telah dihitung nilai frekuensi yang dibutuhkan untuk uji getar produk aki berdasarkan SNI 0038:2009 sehingga pengujian dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik.Kata kunci : Uji getar, frekuensi, parameter kendali, SNI 0038:2009, aki
Penelitian mengenai stabilisasi produksi baterai ion litium berdasarkan parameter kapasitas pengisian, kapasitas pelepasan dan efisiensi pengisian-pelepasan telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah prosedur pembuatan baterai ion litium ini dapat menghasilkan produk yang homogen. Pada penelitian material selanjutnya hal ini berguna untuk meyakinkan bahwa perubahan kualitas dari produk baterai yang dihasilkan merupakan pengaruh dari material, bukan karena variabel proses perakitan. Pada penelitian ini dipakai lembaran elektroda siap pakai untuk meniadakan pengaruh variasi bahan baku terhadap kualitas sel baterai yang dihasilkan. Sel baterai dibuat di laboratorium riset baterai B4T. Baterai dibuat sebanyak 3 batch dengan jumlah baterai 8 buah setiap batch. Baterai yang dihasilkan diuji dengan alat battery analyzer merek Berkeley buatan USA dengan arus 0,5 C pada saat constant-current charging dan voltase 4,2 V sewaktu constant-voltage charging selama 10 siklus pada saat uji kinerja dan arus 0,1 C pada saat pengisian awal. Hasil yang didapat adalah batch C menghasilkan sel-sel baterai yang lebih homogen yang ditandai dengan nilai varians dan simpangan baku yang paling kecil dibandingkan batch lainnya. Selain itu pada saat uji pengisian-pelepasan 10 siklus, batch C juga memperlihatkan kinerja yang lebih tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses yang dipakai pada batch C dapat menghasilkan sel baterai ion litium berkinerja baik dan homogen.Kata kunci: stabilisasi produksi, ion litium, kapasitas, efisiensi
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