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Implications in relation to theory and previous studies are discussed.

Background: Despite the prevalence and negative consequences of mental health issues among elite athletes, studies suggest many do not seek professional help. Understanding barriers and facilitators to help-seeking is imperative to reduce the burden of mental health symptoms and disorders.

Objective Evidence suggests that cervical screening intervals can be extended and lifetime cervical screening for human papillomavirus (HPV)‐vaccinated women could be reduced. This study examines UK women's attitudes to extending screening intervals and assesses associations between knowledge, risk perception and HPV vaccination status, and acceptability of changes. Methods Using a convenience sampling strategy, an anonymous mixed‐methods online survey was used and data recorded from 647 women (mean age = 28.63, SD = 8.69). Results Across the full sample, 46.1% of women indicated they would wait 5 years for their next cervical screening, while 60.2% of HPV‐vaccinated women would be unwilling to have as few as three cervical screens in a lifetime. Multivariate analysis revealed those who are regular screened, those who intend to attend when invited, and those who perceive greater personal risk of cervical cancer are less likely to accept a 5‐year screening interval. Qualitative findings relating to benefits of extending intervals included convenience of less tests, less physical discomfort, and psychological distress. Concerns identified included the likelihood of developing illness, increased psychological distress relating to what may be happening in the body, and worries about increased risk of cervical cancer. Conclusion Women need clear and specific information about HPV timelines, their relationship with cancer risk, and the rationale for extending screening intervals.

This paper examined correlates of and gender differences in extreme dieting behaviours (EDBs) among 15,425 US adolescents from the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Suicidal thoughts and plans, and binge drinking were related to EDBs in females, but not in males.Suicide attempts, daily smoking, and marijuana use were related to EDBs in males, but not females. Results suggest EDBs are associated with a range of negative psychosocial factors and substance use behaviours, and that these differ for boys and girls. Additional research is required to elucidate these relationships, and these results provide a focus for future research, prevention and intervention efforts. Keywords: Extreme dieting behaviours; Psychosocial Correlates; Youth Risk BehaviorSurvey (YRBS); Gender Differences. EXTREME DIETING BEHAVIOURS 3 Adolescents are at an increased risk of engaging in unhealthy or extreme weight control behaviours due to an enhanced concern over body shape and weight (Findlay, 2004, Thøgersen-Ntoumani et al., 2010. Unhealthy weight control behaviours can range from the reduction of food intake and skipping meals (Patton et al., 1997, Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2011 to more extreme behaviours such as vomiting and the consumption of laxatives (Crow et al., 2006) (Cruz-Sáez et al., 2013). Gender is known to be an important factor in disordered eating behaviours, but less is known about the underlying reasons for observed gender differences. Recent nationally representative figures suggest that in US high school students 61% of girls and 32% of boys are trying to lose weight; 12% reported fasting, 5% reported diet pill consumption, and 4% reported vomiting or laxative use (Eaton et al., 2012). Weight control behaviours are a public health concern due to their negative consequences, including increased risk of continuing the behaviour into early adulthood (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2011), and increased risk of weight gain, obesity onset and eating disorder onset (Liechty and Lee, 2013). Efforts are, therefore, needed to identify the factors associated with extreme weight control behaviours. Both the associated factors of extreme dieting behaviours and the behaviours themselves should be addressed during adolescence to enhance prevention efforts. Many factors may contribute to these behaviours; however, associations with victimization, suicidal thoughts and behaviours, depressive symptoms, body weight perceptions, and psychoactive drug use have been shown in previous research to be of importance and are further examined in this study.Previous research suggests an association between unwanted sexual experiences, such as those involving psychological or physical pressure, and disordered eating in adolescents (Capitaine et al., 2011). For example, in a large sample of US adolescents, an association between physical abuse from a partner and extreme weight control behaviours was found, with participants reporting dating violence and rape being more likely to report EXTREME DIETING BEHAVIOURS 4 vomiting, and the use of diet pil...

Objective The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity (PA) and sitting time on adults’ mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety and wellbeing) and the influence of mediators and confounders. Methods An online survey was disseminated in the UK between May and June 2020. A total of 284 participants (33.5 ± 12.4 years) self-reported their PA, sitting time and mental health through validated questionnaires. Results Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that being of younger age, female, on a lower income, with one or more comorbid health conditions, with a previous diagnosis of mood disorder and increased sitting time independently correlated with higher depression scores (F (13,219) = 12.31, p < 0.001), and explained 42% of the variance. Similar results were found for wellbeing where socio-demographic, health outcomes and sitting time influenced the subjective wellbeing (F (14,218) = 5.77, p < 0.001, 27% variance), although only socio-demographic and health outcomes contributed to the variation in anxiety score (F (13,219) = 7.84, p < 0.001, 32% variance). PA did not explain variation when sitting time was taken into account in any of the models. Combined analysis revealed that participants with lower sedentary time (< 8 h) and with both low or moderate and high PA presented a significantly lower depression score [low PA: (B = −2.7, 95% CI −4.88, −0.52); moderate and high PA (B = −2.7, −4.88, −0.52)]. Conclusion Sitting time was strongly associated with adverse mental health during COVID-19 lockdown and should be considered in future public health recommendations.

This study aimed to determine whether distinct subgroups of psychopathic traits exist in a sample of civil psychiatric patients, using data from the MacArthur Violence Risk 16.0%), a 'low affective-interpersonal and high antisocial-lifestyle psychopathy class' (class 3; 31.3%), and a 'normative class' (class 4; 26.3%). Each of the latent classes was predicted by differing external variables. Psychopathy is not a dichotomous entity, rather it falls along a skewed continuum that is best explained by four homogenous groups that are differentially related to gender, and criminal and violent behaviour.