This review presents the latest available international data for lung cancer incidence, mortality and survival, emphasizing the established causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer. In 2002, it was estimated that 1.35 million people throughout the world were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 1.18 million died of lung cancer-more than for any other type of cancer. There are some key differences in the epidemiology of lung cancer between more developed and less developed countries. In more developed countries, incidence and mortality rates are generally declining among males and are starting to plateau for females, reflecting previous trends in smoking prevalence. In contrast, there are some populations in less developed countries where increasing lung cancer rates are predicted to continue, due to endemic use of tobacco. A higher proportion of lung cancer cases are attributable to nonsmoking causes within less developed countries, particularly among women. Worldwide, the majority of lung cancer patients are diagnosed after the disease has progressed to a more advanced stage. Despite advances in chemotherapy, prognosis for lung cancer patients remains poor, with 5-year relative survival less than 14% among males and less than 18% among females in most countries. Given the increasing incidence of lung cancer in less developed countries and the current lack of effective treatment for advanced lung cancers, these results highlight the need for ongoing global tobacco reform to reduce the international burden of lung cancer.

This paper presents the latest international descriptive epidemiological data for invasive breast cancer among women, including incidence, survival and mortality, as well as information on mammographic screening programs. Almost 1.4 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer worldwide in 2008 and approximately 459,000 deaths were recorded. Incidence rates were much higher in more developed countries compared to less developed countries (71.7/100,000 and 29.3/100,000 respectively, adjusted to the World 2000 Standard Population) whereas the corresponding mortality rates were 17.1/100,000 and 11.8/100,000. Five-year relative survival estimates range from 12% in parts of Africa to almost 90% in the United States, Australia and Canada, with the differential linked to a combination of early detection, access to treatment services and cultural barriers. Observed improvements in breast cancer survival in more developed parts of the world over recent decades have been attributed to the introduction of population-based screening using mammography and the systemic use of adjuvant therapies. The future worldwide breast cancer burden will be strongly influenced by large predicted rises in incidence throughout parts of Asia due to an increasingly "westernised" lifestyle. Efforts are underway to reduce the global disparities in survival for women with breast cancer using cost-effective interventions.

Introduction We aim to update global lung cancer epidemiology and describe changing trends and disparities. Methods We presented country-specific incidence and mortality from GLOBOCAN 2012, by region and socioeconomic factors via the Human Development Index (HDI). Between- and within-country incidence by histological type was analyzed from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume X (IARC). Trend analyses including the IARC data, cancer registries, and the WHO Mortality database were conducted using Joinpoint regression. Survival was compared between and within countries, and by histology. Results In 2012, there were 1.82 and 1.59 million new cases and deaths of lung cancer worldwide, respectively. Incidence was highest in very high HDI countries and lowest in low HDI countries (42.2 vs. 7.9/100,000 for males and 21.8 vs. 3.1/100,000 for females, respectively). In most countries with a very high HDI, as male incidence decreased gradually (ranging from −0.3% in Spain to −2.5% in the USA each year), female incidence continued to increase (by 1.4% each year in Australia to 6.1% in recent years in Spain). While histology varied between countries, adenocarcinoma was more common than squamous cell carcinoma, particularly among females (e.g., in Chinese females, the adenocarcinoma-to-squamous cell carcinoma ratio=6.6). Five-year relative survival varied from 2% (Libya) to 30% (Japan), with substantial within-country differences. Conclusion Lung cancer will continue to be a major health problem well through the first half of this century. Preventive strategies, particularly tobacco control, tailored to populations at highest risk are key to reduce the global burden of lung cancer.

The purpose of this paper was to examine and compare available data on incidence, mortality and survival for countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Incidence data were obtained from GLOBOCAN 2008, other online data sources and individual cancer registries. Country-specific mortality statistics by individual year were sourced from the World Health Organization Statistical Information System Mortality Database. All incidence and mortality rates were directly age-standardised to the Segi World Standard population and joinpoint models were used to assess trends. Data on survival were obtained from country-specific published reports where available. Approximately 14% (122,000) of all prostate cancers diagnosed worldwide in 2008 were within the Asia-Pacific region (10 per 100,000 population), with three out of every four of these prostate cancer cases diagnosed in either Japan (32%), China (28%) or Australia (15%). There were also about 42,000 deaths due to prostate cancer in the Asia-Pacific region (3 per 100,000). For the nine countries with incidence trend data available, eight showed recent significant increases in prostate cancer incidence. In contrast, recent decreases in prostate cancer mortality have been reported for Australia, Japan and New Zealand, but mortality has increased in several other countries. The lack of population-based data across most of the countries in this region limits the ability of researchers to understand and report on the patterns and distribution of this important cancer. Governments and health planners typically require quantitative evidence as a motivation for change. Unless there is a widespread commitment to improve the collection and reporting of data on prostate cancer it is likely that the burden of prostate cancer will continue to increase. Enhancing knowledge transfer between countries where there are differentials in capacity, policy and experience may provide the necessary impetus and opportunity to overcome at least some of the existing barriers.

Background: This paper reviews international patterns in sinonasal cancer incidence and mortality in light of changes in exposure to known risk factors. Sinonasal tumours are relatively rare, but they have the second highest occupational attributable fraction of all types of cancer, with a wellestablished link for workers exposed to wood dust. Methods: Data for a variety of countries, mainly in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific region, were obtained from publicly accessible sources and supplemented with information requested from selected cancer registries. Rates were directly age-standardised to the World Health Organization Standard Population. Results: The average annual incidence of sinonasal cancer was typically between 5-10 per million in males and between 2-5 per million in females between 2004-2008. Denmark reported the highest rates, with incidence continuing to increase, in contrast to trends in other countries which either remained relatively stable, or were decreasing slightly. There were significant recent decreases in sinonasal cancer mortality rates within two-thirds of the included countries. Conclusions: Our observations are generally consistent with efforts to limit exposure to wood dust and other potentially causal substances in the workplace, as well as a reduction in the prevalence of smoking in many developed countries. Of concern is that occupational and behavioural risks related to sinonasal cancer are likely to increase among people in less developed countries into the future. However the incentive to intervene in these countries is limited by the lack of accurate and reliable cancer data.

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Background: Homeless people experience a much higher burden of general health conditions and have much poorer oral health than the rest of the population. The aim of this study was to determine the oral health impacts and general quality of life of an urban homeless population. Methods: A convenience sample of 58 adults (dentate n = 56) experiencing homelessness were assessed using a survey which included the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile and the 26-item World Health Organization's Quality of Lifeshort version. A subset (n = 34) also underwent a dental examination. Results: The study participants were younger, more likely to be Indigenous, smoked daily and avoided dental care because of cost than the rest of the population. Dentate homeless adults reported significantly greater oral health impacts when compared with the Australian dentate population. General quality of life was significantly poorer than for the rest of the population. Treatment need was associated with greater oral health impacts. Conclusions: Poor oral health is prevalent and adversely impacts quality of life for homeless people, but it is only one of a range of complex social and health challenges being faced by these individuals. Dental care should be better integrated within homeless support services.

In this paper a Bayesian geostatistical model is presented for fusion of data obtained at point and areal resolutions. The model is fitted using the INLA and SPDE approaches. In the SPDE approach, a continuously indexed Gaussian random field is represented as a discretely indexed Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) by means of a finite basis function defined on a triangulation of the region of study. In order to allow the combination of point and areal data, a new projection matrix for mapping the GMRF from the observation locations to the triangulation nodes is proposed which takes into account the types of data to be combined. The performance of the model is examined and compared with the performance of the method RAMPS via simulation when it is fitted to i) point, ii) areal, and iii) point and areal data to predict several simulated surfaces that can appear in real settings. The model is applied to predict the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), in Los Angeles and Ventura counties, United States, during 2011.