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Thresholds and responses to capsaicin in oil‐ and water‐based model systems were compared. Thresholds were measured among 23 individuals using an ascending forced choice method of limits. Detection thresholds were 11.75 (± 1.31) mg/L in oil and 0.31 (± 0.03) mg/L in water. A horizontal labeled magnitude scale was used to obtain suprathreshold scaling functions in corn and soybean oils and in water systems using an emulsifier (polysorbate) or alcohol to solvate the capsaicin. In the water‐based systems, capsaicin ranged from weak to very strong ratings over a range of 0.3 to 10 mg/L while the same perceptual range was achieved in oil over a range of 10 to 316 mg/L. Nonconsumers of hot/spicy foods generally had higher thresholds and higher suprathreshold responses in oil systems. Differences between user groups were less pronounced in water‐based stimuli.

In order to explore functional properties of the olfactory and common chemical senses as well as their relation to the total nasal sensation experienced, various concentrations of two pungent odorants were presented alone and in the presence of different backgrounds of the other irritant. Stimuli comprised formaldehyde (at 1.0, 3.5, 6.9, and 16.7 ppm), ammonia (at 210, 776, 1,172, and 1,716 ppm), and their 16 possible binary mixtures. Subjects were asked to estimate the total nasal perceived intensity, and then to assess the olfactory (odor) and common chemical (pungency) attributes of the evoked sensations. The results showed that stimulus-response functions for pungency are steeper than those for odor. Furthermore, odor was always hypoadditive in mixtures (i.e., mixtures were perceived as less intense than the sum of their components), whereas pungency was, mainly, additive, and even suggested hyperadditivity. Total perceived intensity of the stimuli, alone and in mixtures, followed the stimulus-response patterns for pungency, which, therefore, emerged as the dominating attribute used by subjects in scaling the explored range of concentrations. The relationship between total nasal perceived intensity of the mixtures and that of their components reflected hypoaddition, resembling the outcome for the odor attribute.Humans are able to detect airborne chemicals in the environment by means of two sensory systems present in the nose: the olfactory sense and the common chemical sense (CCS). Common chemical sensitivity is not restricted to the nasal mucosa, but extends to the oral mucosa and the conjunctiva. So far as is known, the CCS lacks specialized receptors, which the other chemical sensestaste and smell-have, so the sensations aroused by CCS stimulation are mediated principally by free nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve (Beidler,

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The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of this disease in women of childbearing age and children treated at health centres in underserviced areas of the city of Buenos Aires. Demographic and Chagas disease status data were collected. Samples for Chagas disease serology were obtained on filter paper and the reactive results were confirmed with conventional samples. A total of 1,786 subjects were screened and 73 positive screening results were obtained: 17 were from children and 56 were from women. The Trypanosoma cruzi infection risk was greater in those individuals who had relatives with Chagas disease, who remember seeing kissing bugs, who were of Bolivian nationality or were born in the Argentine province of Santiago del Estero. The overall prevalence of Chagas disease was 4.08%. Due to migration, Chagas disease is currently predominantly urban. The observed prevalence requires health programme activities that are aimed at urban children and their mothers. Most children were infected congenitally, which reinforces the need for Chagas disease screening of all pregnant women and their babies in Argentina. The active search for new cases is important because the appropriate treatment in children has a high cure rate.

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In this article we describe a methodology, and its evaluation, for achieving technical competence through digital literacy training using self-learning training material. The key component is self-learning in the sense that the targeted population learns digital operational skills without the need of a teacher. This is achieved through the adaptation of the training material to the trained group. As training groups are diverse, e.g., including both populations in developing and developed countries, and varying in age aspects, gender, languages, literacy levels and technological literacy levels, materials and the speed which training takes place has to be adapted to take into account these differences. The methodology involves use of training videos, and use a dual screen approach where training material is shown on one screen and training takes place on a second screen (computer). The approach has been evaluated in both developing countries and developed countries, with training groups of different capabilities and backgrounds (in Kenya, El Salvador, Spain, France and The Netherlands), with promising results.