OBJECTIVETo examine whether the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and BMI category varies by racial/ethnic group.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSIn a cohort of 123,040 women without recognized pregravid diabetes who delivered babies between 1995 and 2006 at Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, we examined racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of GDM by BMI category and the population-attributable risk (PAR) associated with overweight/obesity.RESULTSAmong all racial/ethnic groups, the age-adjusted prevalence of GDM increased with increasing BMI (kg/m2) category. However, Asian and Filipina women had a prevalence of GDM of 9.9 and 8.5%, respectively, at a BMI of 22.0–24.9 kg/m2, whereas in Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and African American women, the prevalence of GDM was >8.0% at a higher BMI, such as 28–30, 34–36, and ≥37 kg/m2, respectively. The estimated PARs suggest that the percentage of GDM that could be prevented if all pregnant women were of normal weight (BMI <25.0 kg/m2) ranging from 65% for African American women to only 23% among Asian women.CONCLUSIONSClinicians should be aware that the BMI thresholds for increased risk of GDM varies by racial/ethnic group and that the risk is high even at relatively low BMI cutoffs in Asian and Filipina women. Asian women may benefit from different prevention strategies in addition to weight management.

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The goal was to reduce the mortality gap through equity of access to all levels of health care, including acute care, long-term condition management, preventative medicine and health promotion. We suggest solutions to promote health, wellbeing and longevity in this population, prioritising identification of and intervention for risk factors for premature morbidity and mortality. Shared approaches are vital, while joint education of clinicians will help break down the artificial mind-body divide.

. The prediction of gambling behavior and problem gambling from attitudes and perceived norms. Social Behavior and Personality, 27,[455][456][457][458][459][460][461][462][463][464][465][466]. ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to characterise attitudes and social norms with respect to gambling among a population of adult Australians. A further aim was to evaluate whether gambling behaviour (as measured by its frequency) and problem gambling (as measured by its negative social effects on an individual) could be predicted by a model combining attitudes and social influences. With a sample of 215 late adolescents and adults, the Theory of Reasoned Action was found to significantly predict gambling frequency and problem gambling, with intentions predicting actual behaviour in both cases. Subjective norms only indirectly affected behaviour (through intention) in the case of problem gambling, but had both direct and indirect effects on gambling frequency, while attitudes to gambling predicted intentions, rather than directly predicting behaviour. Males were likely to gamble more often than females, and to judge their behaviour as a problem. Across the sample, although most had gambled at some time (89 per cent), gambling frequency and problem gambling were low, and attitudes and subjective norms with respect to gambling were a complex mixture of acceptance and rejection.

The objective of this study was to determine the strain distribution in the inferior glenohumeral ligament at 08, 308, and 608 of external rotation with an anterior load applied to the joint. Five cadaver shoulders were dissected free of all soft tissue except the glenohumeral capsule and a 7 Â 11 grid of strain markers were affixed to the inferior glenohumeral ligament. The location of these strain markers was then determined for a reference strain configuration and while a 25 N anterior load was applied to simulate a clinical exam for instability. The magnitude and direction of the maximum principal strains were then determined at each joint position. For all specimens, the magnitude of the maximum principal strains were significantly greater for 308 and 608 of external rotation when compared to 08 of external rotation. Furthermore, when comparing 308 to 608 of external rotation, three of the five specimens were significantly different. Additionally, the previously described regions of the inferior glenohumeral ligament could not be identified with a qualitative evaluation of the strain distribution pattern for each specimen at all external rotation angles. This indicates that our current description of the three regions of the inferior glenohumeral ligament does not correspond to its functional role. Additionally, the directions of the maximum principal strains across the inferior glenohumeral ligament became more aligned with one another as external rotation was increased. The complex strain distributions observed indicates that future studies should treat the inferior glenohumeral capsule as a continuous sheet of fibrous tissue. ß

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A survey of public attitudes showed that there is significant stigma perceived to be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as significant misconceptions about the course and outcomes of the disease. Negative attitudes to PD were associated with perceived stigma, (younger) age, knowledge of a sufferer and knowledge of the disease. Perceived stigma, negative attitudes and incorrect beliefs are likely to impinge on the psychosocial well-being of those living with the disease, particularly those with early onset. The data from this study was collected from 200 householders and suggest that more public information about positive lifestyle possibilities for those living with Parkinson's would be of value to disease sufferers and their carers.

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