A greater focus on preparation for the possibility of dialysis and frameworks of care that support adjustment to this new way of life are of vital importance. Family presence during haemodialysis and support groups for patients and family should be actively facilitated.

Resource enhancement activities should focus on social connectivity and provision of personnel and/or infrastructure to reduce boredom, to facilitate engagement with meaningful tasks and, where appropriate, to support the continuation of work activities during the dialysis period.

A critical limb ischaemia-specific, health-related quality of life tool is required to capture both the unique characteristics of this disorder, and the outcomes for active or conservative care among this complex group of patients.