This report extends an earlier characterization of long-duration and short-duration energy storage technologies to include life-cycle cost analysis. Energy storage technologies were examined for three application categories-bulk energy storage, distributed generation, and power quality-with significant variations in discharge time and storage capacity. More than 20 different technologies were considered and figures of merit were investigated including capital cost, operation and maintenance, efficiency, parasitic losses, and replacement costs. Results are presented in terms of levelized annual cost, $/kW-yr. The cost of delivered energy, cents/kWh, is also presented for some cases. The major study variable was the duration of storage available for discharge.
This report describes the results of a study on stationary energy storage technologies for a range of applications that were categorized according to storage duration (discharge time): long or short. The study was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through the Energy Storage Systems Program. A wide variety of storage technologies were analyzed according to performance capabilities, cost projects, and readiness to serve these many applications, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are presented.
AcknowledgmentThe author and Sandia National Laboratories wish to acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy and specifically the Energy Storage Systems Program for support of this project. Some conclusions from this study include:− Flywheels are a good match for a range of shortterm applications up to a size of several MW. − Batteries currently have the broadest overall range of applications. − Fuel cells should be applicable and cost effective in a very broad range of applications in the future. − Hydrogen -fueled combustion engines are a currently available technology for short-term applications including distributed utility applications, renewables matching, and spinning reserve. − CAES and pumped hydro are best for load management when geology is available and response time in the order of minutes is acceptable. − SMES is a niche technology for power quality and especially high power distribution or transmission networks. Projected costs for bulk storage, however, show it to be expensive.
This paper reports the methodology for calculating present worth of system and operating costs for a number of energy storage technologies for representative electric utility applications. The values are an update from earlier reports, categorized by application use parameters.
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.