The purpose of this study was to explore the predictive relationships between cultural belief and stage of change and mammography adherence in low-income Midwestern African American urban women (N=321). Secondary analysis of questionnaire data measuring religiosity, racial pride, family collectivism, future and present time orientation, and stage of mammography screening adoption was conducted. Religiosity (OR=1.12; p=.002) and future time orientation (OR=1.12; p=.05) predicted mammography adherence with a positive association, while present time orientation (OR=0.91; p=.05) was significantly negatively associated. Religiosity (OR=1.11; p=.002) and future time orientation (OR=1.12; p=.05) were positive predictions of stage progression, whereas present time orientation (OR=0.90; p=.03) had a significant negative relationship. By identifying cultural variables that are related to mammography adherence in African American women, mammography-promoting interventions can be more effectively tailored.
Purpose-This study measured the effect of demographic and clinical characteristics on health and cultural beliefs related to mammography.Design-Cross-sectional study. Setting-Interviews were conducted during 2003 and 2004 in a Midwestern urban area.Subjects-Subjects were 344 low-income African-American women aged 40 years and older who had not had a mammography within the previous 18 months.Measures-The instrument measured personal characteristics, belief and knowledge scales and participants' mammography experience and plans.Analysis-Multiple regression analysis assessed the effect of specific demographic and clinical characteristics on each of the scale values and on subjects' stage of readiness to change. Results-The subjects' level of education significantly affected six of the 12 belief and knowledge scales. Higher educated women felt less susceptible to breast cancer, had higher self-efficacy, had less fear, had lower fatalism scores, were less likely to be present-time oriented, and were more knowledgeable about breast cancer. Older women felt they were less susceptible to breast cancer, Breast cancer mortality is inversely correlated with mammography adherence. 3 Consequently, the Healthy People 2010 Objective 3-13 is to increase the proportion of women aged 40 years and older who have received a mammogram within the preceding 2 years. In order to meet the objective's target of 70% adherence as well as to reduce the mortality gap, the most efficacious methods of promoting routine screening among underserved populations must be identified and implemented. To improve the effectiveness of interventions, research aimed at identifying beliefs about and barriers to mammography should assess the effect of demographic and clinical characteristics on those mediators.A variety of health and cultural beliefs affect mammography decision making. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Socioeconomic status, level of education, and income are the strongest predictors of mammography adherence. 3,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] African-American women with low educational attainment, decreased cancer knowledge, and without a usual source of care are less likely to be mammogram screening adherent. 14,[20][21][22] When information is readily available, 19,23 individualized, 19,24,25 and culturally sensitive, 24,26 mammography adherence increased.Fatalism, 27 personal identification with breast cancer, 28 fear of breast cancer, 28 and a willingness to change 29-31 all affect mammography screening. Cultural beliefs are associated with health practices, 32,33 including mammography screening behavior. 34 Spirituality and religious beliefs affect screening intentions and practices, including holding religious beliefs about breast cancer causes and treatment 34 and being responsible to God for staying healthy. 35 Racial pride or taking part in traditional practices and holding positive racial attitudes is an important cultural construct for African-American women. 36 Targeted interventions using written educational materials th...
Cancer therapy targeting immune checkpoint inhibition has shown promising results and continues to evolve. Oncology nurses need to remain abreast of new immune-modulating therapies to understand their efficacy, as well as side effect management.
Literature examining male/female differences in rates of workplace violence has produced mixed findings. This study examined trends in rates of workplace violence using two population level data sources. These were: workers' compensation claims for assaults that required time off work; and emergency department visits for assaults or accidental contact from another person , where the treating physician determined that the payer should be workers' compensation. For both data sources, denominator information of the population at risk was generated by sex, age groups and time period using the Labour Force Survey. Over the period 2002 to 2014 rates of assault among men remained stable, from 31.5 per 100,000 FTEs to 32.5 per 100,000 FTEs. Conversely among women rates of lost-time claims due to workplace violence increased from 38.9 per 100,000 FTEs to 59.1 per 100,000 FTEs-an absolute increase of 20.2 assaults per 100,000 FTEs, and a relative increase of 52%. These divergent trends were mirrored in the emergency department records, with rates of ED presentations among men remaining stable between 2004 and 2014 (38.2 to 39.8 per 100,000 FTEs); while among women rates of presentation increased from 34.9 per 100,000 FTEs to 52.9 per 100,000 FTEs-a relative increase of over 50%. In both time periods rates of assaults were relatively stable for men and women up till about 2008/09, after which point rates diverged between men and women. Using two data sources this study demonstrates increasing male/female inequalities in workplace violence in Ontario.
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