Fifty-eight adults with Down syndrome (ages 31 to 56 years at time of first testing, mean age, 43.5) were assessed longitudinally over 10 years for the purpose of modeling aging-related change in cognitive function and adaptive behavior. Cognitive function was assessed seven times using the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability-Revised Early Development Battery. Adaptive behavior was evaluated five times using the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning. Multi-level (hierarchical linear) modeling procedures were used to model change with age. Findings provided further evidence of changes in performance with age and included selected effects for participants who completed the 10 years of study and those who were lost to follow-up as well as for age cohorts.
The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of leisure in a sample of older adults with intellectual disability. Twenty-nine older adults participated in indepth interviews. An interview guide was utilized which included topics relating to leisure participation and social interaction in a variety of environments. Data were analysed according to the constant comparative method. The most pronounced theme that emerged from the data was lack of self-determination in leisure. Participants had few opportunities to freely choose leisure in any aspect of their lives. In many cases, opportunities for self-determined leisure were further constricted by age-related changes in the participants' lives.
This research replicates and extends previous work on leisure-constraints construct development by applying constraints data from a sample of adults with mental retardation. Factor analysis extends de nitions for three constraint categories (intrapersonal, interpersonal, structural), con rming the nonhomogeneou s nature of leisure constraints. Interpersonal constraints, for example, may have multiple meanings depending upon where one is situated along the continuum from dependence to interdependence to independence. Model testing fails to replicate the hypothesized hierarchy among the three constraint categories. Intrapersonal constraints may not be salient reasons for nonparticipation in leisure interests, whereas structural and interpersonal constraints appear to be in need of negotiation. The ndings support the need to re ne the propositions associated with the proposed hierarchical model of leisure constraints.
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