Russian and Soviet nurse refugees faced myriad challenges attempting to become registered nurses in North America and elsewhere after the World War II. By drawing primarily on International Council of Nurses refugee files, a picture can be pieced together of the fate that befell many of those women who left Russia and later the Soviet Union because of revolution and war in the years after 1917. The history of first (after World War I) and second (after World War II) wave émigré nurses, integrated into the broader historical narrative, reveals that professional identity was just as important to these women as national identity. This became especially so after World War II, when Russian and Soviet refugee nurses resettled in the West. Individual accounts become interwoven on an international canvas that brings together a wide range of personal experiences from women based in Russia, the Soviet Union, China, Yugoslavia, Canada, the United States, and elsewhere. The commonality of experience among Russian nurses as they attempted to establish their professional identities highlights, through the prism of Russia, the importance of the history of the displaced nurse experience in the wider context of international migration history.
ABSTRACT.
A comparison was made of the insect fauna on paired Terminalia sericea, Burkea africana and Ochna pulchra trees; one tree in each pair was treated with Formex® to exclude ants from the canopy, and the other was designated the control.
Treatment with Formex banding to exclude ants did not influence plant phenology.
Pyrethrum knockdown samples from control trees had generally more insect individuals and insect species than samples from trees where ants were excluded.
Formex‐treated trees had significantly less homopterous individuals and species than the control trees.
With the exception of ants and Homoptera, there was no difference in the insect guild composition and dominance ranking of various insect taxa, sampled by pyrethrum knockdown, between the control and Formex‐treated trees.
T.sericea had significantly greater populations of both sessile and mobile Homoptera on the control trees than on the Formex‐treated trees. A similar trend could be seen on B.africana. There were significantly more sessile homopterans on the control trees of O.pulchra than on the Formex‐treated trees. Low numbers of mobile Homoptera were recorded on both control and Formex‐treated O.pulchra trees, and numbers on control trees were fewer in comparison to numbers of mobile Homoptera on control T.sericea and B.africana trees.
It is concluded that the ants have similar effects on the insect communities of trees in a natural, undisturbed savanna as has been demonstrated on trees in agro‐ecosystems, and on plants that are structurally adapted for mutualistic associations with ants.
Although slight, leaf damage by some leaf‐feeding insects was greater on trees where ants had been excluded than on control trees that supported foraging ant populations.
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