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Objective-To determine whether the rate of cardiovascular disease is different among parous women with a general practitioner reported history of toxaemia of pregnancy than among those not reported to have experienced toxaemia, or among nuliparous women.

Background Despite potential adverse-events in a pediatric population, corticosteroids (CS) are used to induce remission in pediatric Crohn’s disease. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) also induces remission, but is infrequently used in the United States because CS is considered the superior therapy. New data have become available since the publication of the most recent meta-analysis in 2007. Methods All studies with comparator arms of EEN and an exclusive CS, with remission clearly defined were identified. Online bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Databases, Open Grey, Grey Lit, Clinicaltrials.gov, and the WHO lists of clinical trials were searched. Results Of 2795 identified sources, nine studies met our inclusion criteria. Eight of these (n=451), had data that could be abstracted into our meta-analysis. EEN was as effective as CS in inducing remission (OR=1.26 [95% CI 0.77, 2.05] in pediatric Crohn’s disease. There was no difference between EEN and CS efficacy when comparing newly diagnosed Crohn’s (OR = 1.61 [ 95% CI 0.87, 2.98]) or relapsed (OR = 0.76 [95% CI 0.29–1.98]). Intestinal healing was significantly more likely among patients receiving EEN compared to CS (OR=4.5 [95% CI 1.64, 12.32]). There was no difference in the frequency of biomarker normalization including CRP (OR=.85 [.44, 1.67]) and fecal calprotectin (OR 2.79 [95% CI 0.79–10.90]). Conclusion There is no difference in efficacy between EEN and CS in induction of remission in Crohn’s disease in a pediatric population. Exploratory analyses suggest that a greater proportion of patients treated with EEN achieved mucosal healing.

Risk factors for the development of carpal tunnel syndrome in women were studied by means of a nested case-control analysis of a prospective cohort study of the health effects of oral contraception in British women. A total of 1,264 women who had a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome reported by their general practitioner between 1968 and 1993 were compared with 1,264 age-matched control women who did not have this diagnosis. The syndrome was associated in older women with some hormonal factors, notably past use of oral contraception (adjusted odds ratio in women aged 40 years and over = 1.38, 95 percent confidence interval: 1.08, 1.76) and more generally with obesity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.68, 95 percent confidence interval: 1.29, 2.18). However, the strongest link was with a previous history of another musculoskeletal complaint for which consultation had been sought (adjusted odds ratio = 1.98, 95 percent confidence interval: 1.61, 2.42). Previous findings of a higher risk in women with diabetes and myxoedema were confirmed, but these contribute only a small proportion of all cases in women. There was no link with psychologic problems or nonmusculoskeletal pain complaints. The previously described increased incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in women may be partly due to hormonal factors, but is also related to an underlying propensity to musculoskeletal problems and their higher overall frequency in women.