This paper aims to review the previously developed Computer-aided detection (CAD) systems for mammogram screening because increasing death rate in women due to breast cancer is a global medical issue and it can be controlled only by early detection with regular screening. Till now mammography is the widely used breast imaging modality. CAD systems have been adopted by the radiologists to increase the accuracy of the breast cancer diagnosis by avoiding human errors and experience related issues. This study reveals that in spite of the higher accuracy obtained by the earlier proposed CAD systems for breast cancer diagnosis, they are not fully automated. Moreover, the false-positive mammogram screening cases are high in number and over-diagnosis of breast cancer exposes a patient towards harmful overtreatment for which a huge amount of money is being wasted. In addition, it is also reported that the mammogram screening result with and without CAD systems does not have noticeable difference, whereas the undetected cancer cases by CAD system are increasing. Thus, future research is required to improve the performance of CAD system for mammogram screening and make it completely automated.
Hand gestures recognition system has massive applications which are mainly utilized in robotics and computer vision specially to control Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). These methods bypass the presence of electronic control to UAVs and provide an ease to the operators. In this paper, we present a method for 3D hand gestures segmentation and classification by combining MASK-RCNN with Grass Hopper Optimization. We created a private 3D and RGB hand gestures dataset using Intel Kinetic and Intel Real sense d435i camera, then proposed a model for RGB hand gestures to estimate the key points using human kinematics, the key points later then utilize to get the best degree of freedom (DoF). The grass hopper optimization besides minimum distance function was applied to achieve the finest deep features from the 3D hand gestures dataset. The ResNet50 network is used as the backbone to calculate the Overlap Coefficient (OC) for segmentation and the ResNet50, ResNet101 networks to calculate the classification for 3D hand gestures. The classification accuracy achieved on the private dataset is 99.05% and 99.29% on public Microsoft Kinect and Leap Motion dataset where the OC are 88.16%. and 88.19% respectively.
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