Within vehicle Human Machine Interface design, visual displays are predominant, taking up more and more of the visual channel for each new system added to the car, e.g. navigation systems, blind spot information and forward collision warnings. Sounds however, are mainly used to alert or warn drivers together with visual information. In this study we investigated the design of auditory displays for advisory information, by designing a 3D auditory advisory traffic information system (3DAATIS) which was evaluated in a drive simulator study with 30 participants. Our findings indicate that overall, drivers' performance and situation awareness improved when using this system. But, more importantly, the results also point towards the advantages and limitations of the use of advisory 3Dsounds in cars, e.g. attention capture vs. limited auditory resolution. These findings are discussed and expressed as design implications.
To date, many efforts have been made to explore how to support driver's decision-making process with advisory information. Previous studies mainly focus on a single modality, e.g. the visual, auditory or haptic modality. In contrast, this study compares data from two simulator studies with 50 participants in total, where the visual vs. the auditory modality was used to present the same type of advisory traffic information under the same driving scenarios. Hereby we compare the effect of these two modalities on drivers' responses and driving performance. Our findings indicate that modality influences the drivers' behaviour patterns significantly. Visual information helps drivers to drive more accurately and efficiently, whereas auditory information supports quicker responses. This suggests that there are potential benefits in applying both modalities in tandem, as they complement each other. Correspondingly, we present several design recommendations on Advisory Traffic Information Systems.
With an increased number of both cars and drivers in the world, it is of great importance to design well-functioning driver support systems for them, in order to reduce the number of accidents. Despite the fact that the growing markets can be found in Asia, most advisory traffic information systems (ATIS) are designed for, and adapted to, the western market, and its predominant traffic safety cultures (TSCs). However, traffic safety cultures differ between different parts of the world, and this in turn affects how drivers respond to advisory traffic information. In our study, we designed an ATIS to accommodate two different traffic safety cultures. Our findings show that although drivers belonging to both TSCs drove more safely with our ATIS than without, they still responded very differently to it, using it to support their different driving strategies. This implies that the traffic safety culture of the driver cannot be ignored; ATIS designers need to study and understand the TSC they are designing for.
Many advanced driving assistance systems have been developed based on the western automobile markets. However, it is widely known that the differences between Western and Asian markets are large in terms of traffic safety culture, traffic situation, and driver behavior. This study aimed to explore the differences between Swedish and Chinese drivers' information requirements in regards to a 3D Auditory Advisory Traffic Information System design (3DAATIS). A total of 46 participants took part in the study. The results showed that both Swedish and Chinese drivers appreciated the concept of a 3DAATIS. Moreover the two groups expressed similar information needs when interacting with a single road user, e.g. giving higher priority to vulnerable road users. In contrast, they expressed different information requirements in complex traffic scenarios. The results further imply that identifying drivers' requirements under different traffic scenarios can be a feasible approach to successful cross-regional adaption design.
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