The Indonesian government has not been able to serve 100% of the community's drinking water needs, especially rural communities. Rural communities meet drinking water needs in their areas by managing drinking water supply independently. Population growth, changes in land use, economic development, and environmental pollution have the potential to reduce the quantity and quality of water at its source. These changes require the ability to adapt the water supply community groups through management of endogenous and exogenous dynamism of organizations. This study aims to increase community capacity in managing the sustainability of water supply. The strategy to achieve the aim is based on a structural model developed. The structural model will show the factors determined that is the most influential and effective pathway to achieve the aims. This study uses survey techniques to collect data from community drinking water users provided by a community group of villages in the District of Poncokusumo, Malang, Indonesia. The analytical method is SEM-PLS with an analysis program using WarpPLS. Factors of the study are the social profile of the community, the regulatory/policy enforcement, the use of technology, the community empowerment, and the community capacity. Enforcement of regulations/policies is the most important factor influencing community capacity building in providing sustainable drinking. The effective path in the model is the social profile of the community developed through community empowerment. The important thing to include is embedding regulatory/policy enforcement in the community empowerment's agenda.
The source of drinking water for most of the villagers in Malang Regency, East Java comes from springs. 60 springs in Malang Regency; 3 points for surface water, 41 springs and 16 points for deep wells; experience shrinkage. Water protection / conservation by government and non-government is a prerequisite for the sustainability of access to drinking water for rural communities. Research has not yet been carried out on a water resource sustainability model, based on water conservation by villagers and village institutions. The research aims to: determine the magnitude of the social and institutional effects of the village on the sustainability of water resources, and to formulate a sustainable model of water resources based on community and village institutions. Data collection methods are surveys, interviews, and document studies. The research data were analyzed using WarpPLS. Social factors (f 2 = 0.092) and community economy (f 2 = 0.024), have a direct effect on the performance of village institutions, but have no effect on the implementation of water conservation. The sustainability of water resources in rural areas is directly affected by the implementation of water conservation (f 2 = 0.250). The implementation of water conservation mediates the effect of community-village institution collaboration (f 2 = 0.134) and the performance of village institutions (f 2 = 0.189) on the sustainability of water resources.
Quality of most of drinking water supply from the household-level distribution network deteriorates before being distributed to the consumers. The water supply was not hygenic, tasted bad and had strong odor. The purpose of this study was determining the microbiological and chemical contamination of drinking water from distribution network. The study was a descriptive study which employed documentation as the data collection method. Parameters that will be analized were microbiological and chemical quality. The data analysis method was descriptive analysis was used. The findings showed some potential contaminations such as (1) the indicators of the biological quality of the water were the number and growth of bacteria in the biofilms (bacterial colony formation) triggered by temperature of water, nutrients in the water, quality of the pipe, and water flow; (2) the indicators of the chemical quality of the water were Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) substance exposure, Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) and loss of metal from the type of pipe used. The preventive measures were to evaluate quality of drinking water before being distributed to the household-level network, conduct certain method of water treatment when necessary, analyze materials and characteriristics of the water pipes, install the pipes appropriately, conduct the pressure test for control and maintenance for the utilities (tap).
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