The contribution of symbiotic N2 fixation to the total N budget of irrigated crops of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during vegetative and reproductive growth was investigated using four peanut cultivars with differing patterns of dry matter (DM) partitioning to developing pods. Estimates of NZ fixation were obtained with the 15N natural abundance procedure by using a non-nodulating peanut genotype as a non-N2-fixing reference plant. Partitioning was assessed on the basis of vegetative DM equivalents, with adjustments to pod DM based on relative synthesis costs of vegetative and pod DM. Cultivars differed in crop duration, DM production and yield of pods and kernels. Despite large differences in derived DM partitioning coefficients among cultivars (0.68 to 1.03), both total crop N and fixed N increased as a constant proportion of accumulated, energy-adjusted DM. Crop duration was the primary factor determining both total crop N and fixed N. In addition to fixation, all cultivars continued to accumulate soil mineral N throughout the season. However, in all cultivars except TMV-2, crop N uptake during reproductive growth was insufficient to meet the demands of developing pods and N was renlobilized from vegetative plant parts. Remobilized N was almost exclusively N derived originally from N2 fixation. Despite relatively high levels of N2 fixation (from 140 to 210 kg N ha-1, depending on crop duration), all cultivars except Virginia Bunch showed a negative apparent N balance when the amounts of N2 fixed were compared to N removed in pods at final harvest. This was primarily due to high N harvest indices (0.62 to 0.73), and is likely to be a feature of many recently released, high yielding cultivars.
The Tampomas Volcano is a Quaternary volcano located on Java Island and controlled by a west-northwest-east-southeast (WNW-ESE) regional fault trend. This regional structure acts as conduits for the hydrothermal fluids to ascend from a deeper system toward the surface and, in the end, mix with groundwater. In this research, water geochemistry, gas chemistry and isotopes 2 H, 18 O and 13 C were used to explore the subsurface fluid characteristics and mixing mechanisms of the hydrothermal fluids with groundwater. In addition to those geochemical methods, soil-gas and dissolved 222 Rn observations were performed to understand the geological control of fluid chemistry. Based on the analytical results, the hydrothermal system of Tampomas is only developed at the northeastern flank of the volcano, which is mainly controlled by NE-SW structures as deep fluid conduits, while the Cimalaka Caldera Rim around Sekarwangi act as the boundary flow of the system. This system is also categorized as an "intermediate temperature system" wherein fluid is derived from the interaction between the volcanic host-rock at 170 ± 10 • C mixed with trace organic gas input from sedimentary formation; afterwards, the fluid flows laterally and is diluted with groundwater near the surface. Soil-gas and dissolved 222 Rn confirm that these permeable zones are effective conduits for the ascending thermal fluids. It is found that NE faults carry higher trace elements from the deeper system, while the circular feature of the Caldera Rim acts as the boundary of the hydrothermal system.
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