Laser-controlled land leveling (LLL) can help improve rice production's spatial and temporal management, leading to optimized water and crop management. This research resulted in sustainable performance indicators to illustrate that LLL is a sustainable technology for rice production. The assessment was conducted in Cambodia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and India. Benefits of LLL include saving land use, water, and agronomic inputs, increasing yield, and decreasing postharvest losses resulting in saving energy of 3.0–6.9 GJ ha−1 and decreasing emissions by 1151–1486 kg CO2-eq ha−1. Additionally, LLL application can obtain a net profit of USD 52–84 ha−1 per rice production season in the countries studied. The result demonstrated that LLL is a sustainable technology as well as strongly supports sustainable rice production. The study would lead to better adoption of this technology through its evidence-based promotion.
Globally every year over 80,000 square km of agricultural lands are covered with plastic mulch films. These benefits lead to higher yields (by up to 100% for certain crops) in early duration crops (by upto one month) and in some case the ability to grow certain crop, which would not be possible without the mulch film. The performance of the newly developed manual mulching machine was evaluated. The average draft recorded 45.7 kgf was at an angle of inclination of 35.50° with speed of operation varies from 1.3 to 1.36 km/hr. The average power required for developed mulch laying machine was found to be 447.86 N. The actual field capacity of mulch laying machine was found to be 0.113 ha/h, whereas the theoretical field capacity was found to be 0.162 ha/h. It was found that the actual field capacity of developed mulch laying machine varies by 0.1 in comparison to manually mulch laying.
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