Development of bone and cartilage are emerging as prominent techniques in the field of tissue engineering because of the abundance of problems caused by disease, injury and trauma. Bone is the main supporting system of the body, a biocomposite of elements and tissues which is responsible for the excellent tensile and loading strength. Cartilage is an avascular, aneural and alymphatic tissue and does not have regenerative capabilities, so a great amount of assistance is required from outside to repair the defect site. Autografts and allografts are useful in the case of bone defects, but still they require a second surgery from the donor, and transmission of diseases are also possible. The objective of this review is to discuss the approaches that have been taken in bone and cartilage tissue engineering with an emphasis on the cell sources such as embryonic stem cells, adipose derived stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and progenitor stem cells. A potential scaffold is also important for the mechanical and cellular functions for bone and cartilage regeneration. Awareness will be spanned over different types of scaffolds such as biomaterial scaffolds, nanofibrous scaffolds and hydrogels. The ultimate aim is to focus on the basic aspects and the importance of various signaling and growth factors for tissue engineering, used for tissues that have a poor self healing capacity, such as cartilage, or when defects are too big for the body's capacity to heal itself, such as large bone defects.

Numerous wound care products have been investigated for skin tissue engineering. Factors which influence to skin substitute selection are condition of patient, wound depth, infection in wound. Other factors which also play role in deciding skin substitute are cost, its availability, ease of storage, required operative interventions. With perspective of Indian market, commercial available skin substitutes are either costly or their availability restricted to major cities only. A cost effective skin substitute is strongly needed to heal wounds with minimal scarring and maximum function. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of synthetic scaffold loaded with Wharton's jelly derived Mesenchymal stem cells and to access the role of scaffolds in proliferation and differentiation of MSCs in-vitro, in order to achieve for the healing of wound graft substitutes with improved biological properties. As a result, WJ-MSCs were isolated, harvested and seeded on the surface of the fabricated PCL/GE nanofibrous scaffold. The biological properties and growth of MSCs were studied for antiinflammation, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and SEM analysis indicated that the fabricated synthetic scaffold supported cells attachment, viability, and proliferation of cells. The characterization studies of nanofibers were studied for ATR-FTIR, XRD, TEM, viscosity, and degradation studies suggest that the nanofibrous scaffold loaded with stem cells could be an excellent tissue-engineered skin base for wound healing and skin regeneration.

Available online on:15.08.2017@http://ijrdpl.com http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.227 8-0238.2017.6(5).2748-2756 ABSTRACT:Aim: The present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of WJ-MSCs in mouse by intravenous and subcutaneous route and to assess their potential for side effects, MLD, MTD and LD 50 . Objectives: Wide ranges of clinical and preclinical trials have suggested exploitation of adult MSCs for the cell-based reparative therapeutic approach; considering pros and cons of embryonic stem cells. However, for the clinical use existing adult stem cells source such as bone marrow, adipose tissue may be detrimental due to invasiveness in the procedure, less number of initial isolation and unsuitability for allogenic transplants. Recently fetal tissues such as Placenta, WJ have attracted as a good stem cell source due to its easy accessibility, ethical safety, immunological tolerance and large number of initial isolation of homogenous population necessary for increasing current market demand. Methods: In present study, we tried to work on complete characterization and up-scaling profiling of cells isolated from WJ, along with assessment of possible toxic effects of these cells when administered in-vivo and optimizing the route of administration with other clinical evaluation been addressed. Results: We confirmed that cells isolated from WJ exhibit morphologically and phenotypically similar properties as MSCs. The animal study also reveled that no mortality, no abnormal clinical signs and no remarkable pathological changes. Conclusion: Our animal toxicity study along with attempted rapid expansion of these cells to meet large clinical demands would allow them to be a lucrative candidate for clinical therapy.

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