Type of biological membrane used in skin permeation experiment significantly affects skin permeation and deposition potential of tested formulations. In this study, a comparative study has been carried out to evaluate the potential of a synthetic membrane (Strat-M™) with rat, human, and porcine ear skin to carry out skin permeation study of nanoformulations of a high molecular weight drug, amphotericin B. Results demonstrated that the permeation of this high molecular weight drug through Strat-M™ showed close similitude to human skin. Value of correlation coefficient (R) of log diffusion between Strat-M™ and human skin was found to be 0.99 which demonstrated the similarities of Strat-M™ membrane to the human skin. In similarity factor analysis, the value of f was also found to be 85, which further demonstrated the similarities of Strat-M™ membrane to human skin. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis of synthetic and biological membranes depicted almost similar morphological features (thickness, pore size, surface morphology, and diameter) of synthetic membrane with human skin. The results of the study demonstrated Strat-M™ as a better alternative to carry out skin permeation experiment due to the consistent results, reproducibility, easy availability, and minimum variability with human skin.
In this successful anonymous sperm donor programme only a small proportion of the applicants are released as donors. The significant decline in released sperm donors coupled with the potential effects of loss of donor anonymity means that new strategies for sperm donor recruitment are urgently required.
Fibroadenomas are benign lesions of breast commonly found in young age group. These focal tumours contain both mesenchymal and glandular tissue. Giant juvenile fibroma of breast is rare variant of fibroadenoma found usually in less than 20 years of age. They present with rapid enlargement of single or multiple, discrete, painless large nodule of breast. A 14-years-old premenarche girl presented with large bilateral breast lumps for two months. FNAC showed features of juvenile fibroadenoma. Breast conserving surgical excision of lumps was performed and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of juvenile fibroadenoma. Giant juvenile fibroadenomas are characterised by rapid enlargement of encapsulated mass. The aetiology is unknown, although end-organ hypersensitivity to normal level of estrogen is postulated. We present a case of bilateral giant juvenile fibroadenoma for its rarity.
Pregnancy luteomas are rare, nonneoplastic lesions of the ovary thought to be caused by the hormonal effects of pregnancy. Most of these patients are asymptomatic with the ovarian enlargement being incidentally discovered during imaging or surgery. Some patients develop hirsutism or virilization during late pregnancy. Luteomas spontaneously regress postpartum. It may be a diagnostic and management challenge as it can mimic the presentation of malignant ovarian tumors. We present a 33-year-old female with an enlarged ovary discovered incidentally at the time of cesarean section.
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