BackgroundCognitive dysfunction has been increasingly recognized in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Senile plaques are important pathophysiological characteristic of cognitive dysfunction. The major component of plaques is the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide released from proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Plasma Aβ has been a focus of the growing literature on blood based biomarkers for cognitive dysfunction. Oxidative stress is prevalent in CKD and it plays an important role in cognitive dysfunction. Increased oxidative stress leads to cause cleavage of APP and Aβ production. The aim of this study is to assess the antioxidant status and Aβ42 levels in plasma of CKD patients with cognitive dysfunction compared to CKD without cognitive dysfunction.MethodsA total of 60 subjects divided into 30 CKD without cognitive dysfunction and 30 CKD with cognitive dysfunction based on neuropsychological assessment tests. To compare antioxidant status and Aβ42 levels in plasma, the following groups such as healthy subjects (n = 30), normocytic normochromic anemia (n = 30) and Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 10) patients were also maintained. Plasma Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined by spectrophotometrically. Aβ level was determined by immunoblotting method. The parameters were statistically compared with healthy, normocytic normochromic anemia and AD subjects.ResultsLike AD subjects, significantly increased Aβ and LPO level while decreased SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH levels were observed in plasma of CKD patients with cognitive dysfunction when compared to healthy, CKD without cognitive dysfunction and normocytic normochromic anemic subjects.ConclusionResults suggest that elevated plasma oxidative stress and Aβ were seen in CKD patients with cognitive dysfunction may be attributed to pathological changes within the brain.
The objective of the study was to analyze the vancomycin MIC distribution against bloodstream MRSA isolates for a period of 1 year in India. This retrospective study analyzed 71 blood stream MRSA strains isolated at a tertiary care hospital in India between January 2008 and December 2008. The vancomycin MIC was determined by broth microdilution method. Only one isolate per patient was analyzed. The range of vanocmycin MIC for the 71 isolates in this study was varied between 0.25-3 µg mL −1. Only 29 isolates had MIC less than 1 µg mL −1 and 17 isolates MIC were more than 2 µg mL −1. In this study the phenomenon of vancomycin MIC creep was noticed in more than 75% of MRSA bloodstream isolates. We suggest further in vivo studies to determine the clinical significance of this MIC creep.
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