The regioselective ring opening of epoxides with aniline affording β-amino alcohols is commercially important. A variety of heterogeneous catalysts such as fuel lean sulfated zirconia (FLSZ), UDCaT-5, 20%Cs 2.5 H 0.5 PW 12 /K-10 clay, Hβ-zeolite, nanocrystalline sulfated titania (NCST), and titania were evaluated in the reaction of epichlorohydrin with aniline. A nanocrystalline sulfated titania (NCST) catalyst, the most active and selective, was prepared by the sol−gel method using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a green template and functionalized using sulfuric acid. The sulfate content was in the range 4.1% (w/w). It was well characterized using TEM, FT-IR, XRD, NH 3 -TPD, N 2 -BET surface area, and TGA. The effects of various parameters such as speed of agitation, molar ratio, catalyst loading, and temperature using the NCST catalyst were investigated in the reaction of epichlorohydrin with aniline to achieve good yields and excellent regioselectivity at 60 °C and 0.01 g/cm 3 catalyst loading. The catalyst was effectively recycled for five consecutive cycles without any significant loss in its activity. Furthermore, a reaction mechanism was proposed to deduce a kinetic model which was validated against experimental data. The entire process is green. The protocol was extended to the reaction of several epoxides and amines over NCST to make corresponding β-amino alcohols.
A simple preparation method for synthesizing porous ceramic membrane support was developed from nanocrystalline titania powder using solution combustion synthesis. Different characteristics of combustion-synthesized titania membranes such as surface morphology, porosity, pore size, pure water and solvent permeability were measured using advanced characterization techniques. Novel titania membrane support sintered at 450°C showed mean pore diameter 0.33 lm, porosity of about 77.5 %, and pure water permeability 20.31 9 10 -5 L h -1 m -2 Pa -1 . Combustion-synthesized titania membrane supports were used in decolorization of commercial dye-based ink effluent using microfiltration. Effects of different parameters such as pressure, initial concentration of ink effluent, and pH on decolorization of ink effluent were studied. Furthermore, combustion-synthesized titania membranes operated at lower pressure (1 9 10 5 Pa) showed significant color removal ([99 %) and moderate chemical oxygen demand reduction with lower membrane fouling during decolorization of water-based ink effluent.
Graphical AbstractKeywords Titania Á Combustion Á Inorganic membrane Á Ink effluent Á Microfiltration Abbreviations J Permeate flux (L m -2 h -1 ) Q Volume of permeate (L) S Permeable area of membrane (m 2 ) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (
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