Bile reflux is a pathological retrograde flow of bile into the stomach that may lead to gastric overdistension and gastritis. It generally manifests as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or heartburn. Hiccups have thus far not been described as part of its presentation. Here, we describe a case of excessive post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography bile accumulation in the stomach that caused persistent hiccups requiring endoscopic suctioning.
Distal esophageal spasm is characterized by premature contractions of the distal esophageal smooth muscle leading to non-obstructive dysphagia and non-cardiac chest pain. Diagnosis requires the presence of symptoms along with evidence of at least 20% premature contractions in the setting of a normal lower esophageal sphincter relaxation on high-resolution manometry. New updates to the Chicago Classification have improved the diagnostic accuracy of this method. Functional lumen imaging probe is a growing diagnostic modality that gives a more complete picture of esophageal motility. Pharmacologic treatment remains inadequate. Endoscopic myotomy might be of benefit for non-achalasia esophageal motility disorders. More research is required to better understand the pathophysiology and develop safe and long-lasting management for this disease.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.