Cancer is a deadly disease worldwide. In light of the requisite of convincing therapeutic methods for cancer, immune checkpoint inhibition methods such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy appear promising. Human microbiota have been exhibited to regulate susceptibility to cancer as well as the response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. However, the probable contribution of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) in cancer pathophysiology and treatment has not been investigated much. bEVs illustrate the ability to cross physiological barriers, assemble around the tumor cells, and likely modify the tumor microenvironment (EVs). This systematic review emphasizes the correlation between cancer-associated extracellular vesicles, particularly bEVs and the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. The clinical and pharmacological prospective of bEVs in revamping the contemporary treatments for cancer has been further discussed.
The human gut is populated by innumerable microorganisms which govern equilibrium and well-being. Fluctuations in the composition and function of intestinal microbiota have been shown to result in persistent ailments such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Yet, conclusive cause-effect studies must be formulated in this context. This chapter features current advancements in the field of host-microbiota interactions and their association with IBD. The role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) and modification of intestinal EV proteomes with distinctive host-microbiota interactions in IBD, perinatal immune priming in offspring from maternal IBD and the function of gut-resident immune cells in IBD have been discussed here. These compelling developments would be crucial in expanding our understanding of IBD pathogenesis, detection of novel diagnostic repertoire and therapeutic targets for this disease.
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