The mean maximum urban heat island (UHI) intensity in three major cities in Thailand was investigated by using data measured at two meteorological observatories (an urban site and rural site) in each study area for the period 2004 to 2008. Thermal contrasts between the urban and rural sites were positive which indicated that most of the time the air temperatures at the urban sites were higher than the air temperatures at the rural sites. The strongest mean maximum UHI intensity occurred in the nighttime and in the early morning, while the weakest mean maximum UHI intensity was reached during the daytime. The results indicated that UHI events occurred more frequently in the nighttime than in the daytime. Seasonal analyses showed the mean maximum UHI intensity was weakest in the rainy season (May-October) and was strongest in the dry season (November-April).
The research was aimed to find means how to handle water at Phetchaburi diversion dam for coping with stream pollution in Phetchaburi River through irrigation watershed management. There eight sampling points for collecting water samples since the year of 2002 to 2013 for analyzing water quality in relation to release water flow in consecutive velocity of 22.4, 100, and 377 m 3 /s in order to obtain the better diluted stream water. Accordance with the same trends of water quality indicators, this study was taken in BOD and DO as the representatives for determining the role of flow velocity in dilution capability. The results found that the BOD were gradually decreased from Phetchaburi diversion dam all the way to agricultural zone and jumping up during passing the city zone, and still jumping up in estuarine zone. Whenever the BOD decreases, the DO values were also decreased because of bacterial organic digestion process occurring while it flows except very high flow velocity. The flow velocity not more than 30 m 3 /s is recommended to release from Phetchaburi diversion dam for eliminating stream pollution by dilution process.
The relationship between environmental factors and the onsets of avian influenza virus (AIV; H5N1) outbreaks in Thailand was studied. The results show that the onsets of the disease correlate with the maximum gradient of temperature and wind speed within 24 hours, density of villages in a radius of five kilometers, and distance from the last AIV outbreak area. This study also presents how meteorological conditions have an effect on the occurrence of onsets of AIV in Thailand.
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