The objective of this research is to design and construct a hammer mill for grinding leonardite charcoal (Lignite, class J). The conditions for the design and construction of the grinder are hammer thickness, 3, 6, and 9 mm, a number, hammer 20, 24, and 28. The size of the ground leonardite should range between 250 mm to 30 mm (less than 0.066 mm). The hammer thickness and number of hammers were chosen alternatingly in order to see the effect of these two parameters. By manipulating these two parameters, it was found that the optimum operation can be achieved by using 28 hammers having a thickness of 3 mm. It results in the highest grinding efficiency of 96.2 percent. Percentages of the grate (retained) and passed of the ground mineral are found for each sieve size by means of weight. The approximations of the retained and passed were calculated and found to intersect at 225 mm. At the intersection, the percentage by weight passed through the sieve is 50 percent and the percentage by weight retained sieve is 50 percent, respectively.
The objective of this work is to assess the potential of the atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) by direct cooling under the climate of Thailand. The assessment was considered from water scarcity, meteorological data and engineering analysis, including moisture harvesting index (MHI), water capability and energy cost. The meteorological data between 2012-2021 were used as primary data for engineering analysis. The results showed that Thailand has the potential to supply freshwater by using AWH with direct cooling. The average MHI of Thailand is 0.548 which is comparable with high potential of global assessment. 71 cities from 77 cities in Thailand have MHI over 0.50, which is the favorable condition for AWH by direct cooling. From the calculation under Thailand conditions, the water harvesting rates by direct cooling could be in the range of 0.97-1.30 L/h with energy costs as low as 0.047 USD/L for 71 cities in Thailand.
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