Instrument construct is one of the most important issues in conducting research. Without proper consideration in tackling the issue, it is difficult for the instrument to be considered as valid and reliable. If construct validity is accurate, then it will provide a clearer and more precise descriptive analysis on the concepts being investigated. The most important criteria that need to be considered in answering the construct validity are reliability and validity. In traditional measurement model, the understanding of reliability and validity is totally different from the one offered by Rasch model. Regardless of the difference, an internal consistency is still widely being used as the primary method to measure the item sampling. Using this model, local dependence and item fit are most considered in getting valid, reliable, and consistent, hence its significance. Finally the study applies goodness of measure purposely to answer issues related to validity and reliability tests. Principal components analysis was carried out to test the construct of questionnaires used in the study.
In this study, combined method using pre and post oral proficiency tests, observation, and focus group interviews were used to examine the effectiveness of using flipped classroom model on English speaking performance. The study population consists of 27 undergraduate students who were attending the course of Advanced Communication Skills, in the academic year of 2018. A purposeful sampling technique, specifically quasi-experimental procedure was employed in this study. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative data showed that the application of FCM was an effective approach in the EFL speaking classroom. The results of paired-sample t-test indicated that there was a significant difference between pre and post oral proficiency tests t (26) = -14.83, p<0.001. Moreover, it was found that students’ involvement and willingness to participate in the English conversational tasks and their level of commitment and English speaking performance have increased gradually. In light of the findings, the study recommended encouraging teachers to employ modern technologies in their teaching strategies, particularly FCM.
Abstract—Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) promotes learners to be more confident and self-directed in addition to enhancing their knowledge and general information throughout the peers’ and teacher’s electronic feedback (E-feedback). This study was carried out with 28 Master EFL/ESL students who registered in the elective course of Computer Application in ESOL. To examine the influence of peers’ and teacher’s electronic feedback on ESL writing anxiety level as well as their writing performance, Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) and semi-structured Interviews were employed. The major finding from the Paired T-Test which were performed on the pre-post of (SLWAI) revealed that a significant difference between them (p<.009) that reflected respondents’ tendency to decrease their writing anxiety level after using peers’ and teacher’s e-feedback. Moreover, data collected from the interviews reported that the respondents perceived the e-feedback from peers and teacher as an important way to improve their writing performance.
Context Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths. Recently, much attention has been given to the microbiome and probiotics as preventive and therapeutic approaches to CRC and the mechanisms involved. Objectives To interpret the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of probiotics relative to patients with CRC and to outline challenges of and future directions for using probiotics in the management and prevention of CRC. Data sources Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, Wile, y and Scopus databases were searched systematically from January 17–20, 2020, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Study selection Primacy RCTs that reported the effects of administration to patients with CRC of a probiotic vs a placebo were eligible to be included. Data Extraction The studies were screened and selected independently by 2 authors on the basis of prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment were also performed independently by 2 authors. Results A total of 23 RCTs were eligible for inclusion. Probiotics supplementation in patients with CRC improved their quality of life, enhanced gut microbiota diversity, reduced postoperative infection complications, and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The use of certain probiotics in patients with CRC also reduced the side effects of chemotherapy, improved the outcomes of surgery, shortened hospital stays, and decreased the risk of death. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were the common probiotics used across all studies. Conclusion Probiotics have beneficial effects in patients with CRC regardless of the stage of cancer. There is an opportunity for probiotics to be used in mainstream health care as a therapy in the fight against CRC, especially in early stages; however, larger clinical trialsof selected or a cocktail of probiotics are needed to confirm the efficacy, dosage, and interactions with chemotherapeutics agents. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020166865.
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