Organic agriculture systems aim primarily at use of naturally occurring ecological processes rather than external inputs, to manage crops and livestock. These farming systems emphasize on ecofriendly methods of insect, pest and weed control. Biodiversity is the key component of organic agrisystems responsible for its efficacy. According to IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) organic production methods are those where at least 95% of the ingredients used for agriculture purposes are organic in nature. Latter content less than 70% may not refer to organic production methods. Organic farming systems work on nature’s principles; improve agro ecosystem health including soil biological activity and product quality. The most followed organic farming systems are Permaculture, Panchagavya farming, Rishi Krishi, Natueco farming, Zero budget natural farming, Biodynamic farming etc. Enormous literature and supportive materials are available to justify the use of these farming systems to combat soil pollution created by use of various chemicals. However, when it comes to scientific explanation, the work is scattered. A common person may develop the assumption that these systems might possess some supernatural or magical curing ability. However, these preparations work on scientific principles mostly powered by microbes and their metabolic products. In the present review, research on various organic preparations, with special reference to their microbial properties, has been compiled and analysed. The review will be of immense benefit to students, researchers and strategy planners working in the field of organic farming.
Aim: To study the role of microorganisms behind their bioenhancing, biocontrol properties, their enzymatic potential, and characterization of high performing microbial isolates on molecular basis. Methodology: Dominant culturable microbes including bacteria and fungi were isolated from biodynamic preparations and screened on the basis of plant-growth promoting (PGP) activities viz., ammonia production, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, hydrogen cyanide production, seed germination efficacy and biocontrol properties. The dominant and effective microorganisms were screened for enzymes activities viz., pectinase, cellulase and amylase. The selected bacterial and fungal isolates, exhibiting higher enzyme activities, were subjected to molecular characterization. Results: Out of 68 bacterial and 25 fungal isolates from 8 biodynamic preparations (BD 500 - BD 507), 15 bacterial isolates exhibited high plant growth promoting activities while 10 bacterial isolates exhibited biocontrol activity against pathogens. Bacillus licheniformis isolated from BD 504, expressed high pectinase (2.595 U ml-1 min-1), cellulase (0.308 U ml-1 min-1) and amylase (0.418 U ml-1 min-1) activities. Fungal isolates with high enzymatic activities, were isolated from BD 500, 503 and 506, respectively. Interpretation: Microorganism isolates from biodynamic preparations possessed strong plant growth promoting, biocontrol and enzymatic properties, which might be responsible for the efficacy of organic preparations under field conditions.
Aim: Biodynamic farming system involves use of 8 different biodynamic preparations (BD 500-BD 507). Multi functionality of any ecosystem is due to its microbial diversity and community composition of microbes. So the present study was aimed to determine the total fungal population viz. unculturable ones, metagenomic analysis was done. Methodology: In the present study, 18S rDNA sequencing of V3-V4 amplicon regions was performed to identify and characterize fungal diversity, which existed in these preparations. Results: Alpha diversity was found to be maximum in BD506 with 868 OTU (operational taxanomic units) and minimum in BD507 with 254 OTU. At phylum level, the most abundant phylum was Ascomycota as recorded in 7 BD preparations with exception in the BD 500 (Unassigned). At genus level highest percentage of OTU abundance was observed for unassigned genus in all BD preparations, except Mortierella in BD 500 and BD 502; Microascus in BD 501 and BD504; Gymnoascus in BD503, Scedosporium in BD 505, Mucor in BD 506 and Hyphopichia in BD 507. On the basis of species diversity, BD502, 503 and 506 showed high percentage of OTU abundance for Mucor racemosus, while Mortierella oligospora was abundant in BD500, Dipodascus geotrichum in BD 501, Kernia pachypleura in BD504, Petriella setifera in BD505 and Hyphopichia burtonii in BD 507. Interpretation: This indicated a unqiue class of fungus predominating each type of BD preparation. Furthermore, a large proportion of unassigned fungi at phylum and genus level were detected in metagenome analysis which might have specific roles in contributing for their overall effectiveness of each kind of BD preparations.
Fruit and vegetable whole sale markets produces huge quantities of wastes in the forms of discarded fruits and vegetables or their parts, creating unhygienic conditions around the area and resulting into environmental pollution. Many enzymes have good applicability in food industries mainly in the production of clarified fruit juices. However, cost of production of such food enzymes are generally high due to costly raw materials. Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as carbon sources for enzyme production through microbial intervention has already been reported by various workers. The present study reports the feasibility of using mosambi (Citrus limetta) peel as substrate for multienzyme preparation including pectinase, cellulase and amylase, using a potential fungal isolate.Conditions viz. temperature, pH, incubation time and nutrient addition were optimized for enzymes production from fresh mosambi peel as substrate using Trichoderma asperellum NG-125 (accession number-MW287256). Maximum activities (U ml-1min-1) of pectinase (595.7±2.47), cellulase (497.3±2.06) and amylase (440.9±1.44) were observed at pH 5.5, incubation temperature of 30°C after 10 days of fermentation. Macro-nutrients addition @ 0.1% ammonium sulphate, 0.01% potassium-di-hydrogen-ortho-phosphate enhanced the production of enzymes. The purified pectinase, cellulase and amylase by SDS-PAGE revealed three bands to molecular mass of 43, 66 and 33kDa, respectively.Out of four natural fibre matrices (bagasse, rice husk, paddy straw and wheat straw) tested for immobilization, maximum enzyme activity retention percent was observed on bagasse matrix (pectinase-56.35%, cellulase-77.68% and amylase-59.54%). Enzymatic juice clarification yield obtained with test enzyme was 75.8% which was as comparable to 80.5% of commercial enzyme.
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