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High purity calcium oxide (CaO) was prepared from egg shell and was used as a catalyst for the production of biodiesel. Non-edible oil, Jatropha curcas was used as a feedstock for the synthesis of biodiesel. High purity calcium oxide (CaO) was obtained when the egg shell was subjected to calcination at 900 °C for ~ 2.5 h.Confirmation of the catalyst was arried out by X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and Differential thermal and thermo-gravimetric (DTA-TGA) analysis. Synthesized biodiesel was characterized with 1H NMR. High yield and pure biodiesel was obtained by taking various parameters such as a proper methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time. Reusability of catalyst was observed and the catalyst worked efficiently up to six times without significant loss of activity. Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel such as density, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, etc. were studied. Figure 5 Effect of molar ratio (oil to methanol) on the yield of methyl ester.Figure 6 Effect of reaction temperature on the yield of methyl ester.Figure 8 Effect of stirring speed on the yield of methyl ester.

This study explores the emission of different pollutants using different blends in a variable compression ratio (VCR) engine. Biodiesel synthesized from Jatropha oil using a heterogeneous catalyst was investigated for emission analysis on a single-cylinder VCR engine with various blending ratios as well as load. Blends (biodiesel + diesel) of JB00, JB10, JB20, JB30, and JB100 were prepared at 40°C. The emission parameters, such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC), were studied and compared to diesel fuel. Results showed that, among the blends prepared from methyl ester of Jatropha, JB30 shows reduction in emissions of CO and HC up to 43 and 50%, respectively, with an increment of NO x emission up to 20% at the lowest load and compression ratio (CR) of 15. The optimum parameter for the lowest pollutant emission for JB30 was found with a load of 6 kg at CR of 15. ■ INTRODUCTIONThe fossil fuels, such as diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), etc., are diminishing sources of energy, but the demand for energy is increasing day by day. In this regard, biodiesel is a sustainable option 1,2 because it is a nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable, oxygenated, and sulfur-free fuel 3,4 and can be obtained by treating various kinds of vegetable oils and fats. 5,6 Biodiesel production is 82% of the total biofuel production in the European Union, and its global production is estimated to be over 35 billion liters. 7 The comparative higher heating values of biodiesel (39−41 MJ/kg) make it competitive to gasoline (46 MJ/kg), petrodiesel (43 MJ/kg), petroleum (42 MJ/kg), and coal (32−37 MJ/kg) for use in transportation fuel. 8 Therefore, it can be used as a blend or stabilizer 9 at a particular proportion with diesel fuel without any modification to the diesel engine. 10,11 Diesel engines produce a large amount of polluting gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (HCs), and nitrogen oxides (NO x ), which pose a threat to the environment and, hence, living beings. Emissions of these harmful gases and particles, also result in the greenhouse effect. These gases and particles if inhaled by the humans and animals can cause various detrimental diseases. Hence, to prolong the air excellence, the European emission standard restricted the pollutant emissions for light-duty vehicles as well as heavy-duty vehicles, as mentioned in Table 1.Therefore, the study of blending of a renewable source of fuel, such as ethanol 12 or biodiesel, 13 with diesel on the emissions of polluting gases is very significant for many purposes, such as transportation, pollution, energy generation, etc. Several studies 3,14−17 have explored performance and emission features of biodiesel engines at various engine speeds, loads, and biodiesel ratios. These results showed that the engine performance is affected by the percentage of biodiesel present in the fuel. 18−20 The numerous works on blending of diesel with soybean, 21 Ceiba pentandra, 22 and Eruca sativa gars 23 derived biodiesel were reported for dire...

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