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influence of exaggerated IOD variability in the model. The results imply that the upper limit of intraseasonal predictability is modulated by large-scale external forcing background state in the tropical Indian Ocean. Two additional sets of hindcast experiments with improved atmosphere and ocean initial conditions (referred to as S2S_IEXP1 and S2S_IEXP2, respectively) are carried out, and the results show that the overall MJO forecast skill is increased to 21-22 days. It is found that the optimization of initial sea surface temperature condition largely accounts for the increase of the overall MJO forecast skill, even though the improved initial atmosphere conditions also play a role. For the DYNAMO/CINDY field campaign period, the forecast skill increases to 27 days in S2S_IEXP2. Nevertheless, even with improved initialization, it is still difficult for the model to predict MJO propagation across the western hemisphere-western Indian Ocean area and across the eastern Indian Ocean-Maritime Continent area. Especially, MJO prediction is apparently limited by various interrelated deficiencies (e.g., overestimated IOD, shorter-than-observed MJO life cycle, Maritime Continent prediction barrier), due possibly to the model bias in the background moisture field over the eastern Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent. Thus, more efforts are needed to correct the deficiency in model physics in this region, in order to overcome the wellknown Maritime Continent predictability barrier.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an essential enzyme and widely distributes in a variety of tissues. To date, various nanomaterial and small-molecule fluorescent probes for ALP have been constructed successfully, but the emission wavelengths of these probes are in the ultraviolet or visible range, which is not beneficial for bioimaging. Herein, a hemicyanine-based near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe named CyP is first synthesized and used to detect ALP activity. The characteristics of probe CyP are as follows: (1) The probe possesses a facile structure, which can be obtained by easy synthetic steps. (2) The fluorescence emission of the sensing system is at 738 nm belonging to NIR region, which is suitable for bioimaging in vivo. (3) The probe exhibits high sensitivity to ALP with 10-fold fluorescence enhancement and low detection limit (0.003 U/mL) can match the level of ALP in vivo. (4) The fluorescent change of the probe is attributed to the fact that ALP-catalyzed cleavage of the phosphate group in CyP induces the transformation of CyP (fluorescence off) into CyOH (fluorescence on), which is proved by HPLC, P NMR, MS, and DFT calculation. (5) The NIR fluorescent probe is applied for the detection of endogenous ALP activity in various biological samples such as cell, tissue, and living animal with satisfactory results.

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This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of Asian summer monsoon prediction skill as a function of lead time and its relationship to sea surface temperature prediction using the seasonal hindcasts of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model, BCC CSM1.1(m). For the South and Southeast Asian summer monsoon, reasonable skill is found in the model's forecasting of certain aspects of monsoon climatology and spatiotemporal variability. Nevertheless, deficiencies such as significant forecast errors over the tropical western North Pacific and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean are also found. In particular, overestimation of the connections of some dynamical monsoon indices with large-scale circulation and precipitation patterns exists in most ensemble mean forecasts, even for short lead-time forecasts.Variations of SST, measured by the first mode over the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans, as well as the spatiotemporal features over the Niño3.4 region, are overall well predicted. However, this does not necessarily translate into successful forecasts of the Asian summer monsoon by the model. Diagnostics of the relationships between monsoon and SST show that difficulties in predicting the South Asian monsoon can be mainly attributed to the limited regional response of monsoon in observations but the extensive and exaggerated response in predictions due partially to the application of ensemble average forecasting methods. In contrast, in spite of a similar deficiency, the Southeast Asian monsoon can still be forecasted reasonably, probably because of its closer relationship with large-scale circulation patterns and El Niño-Southern Oscillation.