Increased observational analyses provide a unique opportunity to perform years-long cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations and generate long-term cloud properties that are very much in demand for improving the representation of clouds in general circulation models (GCMs). A year 2000 CRM simulation is presented here using the variationally constrained mesoscale analysis and surface measurements. The year-long (3 January–31 December 2000) CRM surface precipitation is highly correlated with the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) observations with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. The large-scale forcing is the dominant factor responsible for producing the precipitation in summer, spring, and fall, but the surface heat fluxes play a more important role during winter when the forcing is weak. The CRM-simulated year-long cloud liquid water path and cloud (liquid and ice) optical depth are also in good agreement (correlation coefficients of 0.73 and 0.64, respectively) with the ARM retrievals over the Southern Great Plains (SGP). The simulated cloud systems have 50% more ice water than liquid water in the annual mean. The vertical distributions of ice and liquid water have a single peak during spring (March–May) and summer (June–August), but a second peak occurs near the surface during winter (December–February) and fall (September–November). The impacts of seasonally varied cloud water are very much reflected in the cloud radiative forcing at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and the surface, as well as in the vertical profiles of radiative heating rates. The cloudy-sky total (shortwave and longwave) radiative heating profile shows a dipole pattern (cooling above and warming below) during spring and summer, while a second peak of cloud radiative cooling appears near the surface during winter and fall.
This study aims to combine the cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations with the Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) observations to provide long-term comprehensive and physically consistent data that facilitate quantifying the effects of subgrid cloud–radiation interactions and ultimately to develop physically based parameterization of these interactions in general circulation models. The CRM is applied here to simulate the midlatitude cloud systems observed at the ARM southern Great Plains (SGP) site during the 1997 intensive observation period. As in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE), the CRM-simulated ensemble mean quantities such as cloud liquid water, cloud fraction, precipitation, and radiative fluxes are generally in line with the surface measurements, satellite, and radar retrievals. The CRM differences from the ARM estimates, when averaged over the entire period, are less than 5 W m−2 in both longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere and surface. Because of the different large-scale forcing and surface heat fluxes in ARM and TOGA COARE, the CRM produces different cloud distributions over the midlatitude continent and tropical ocean. However, diagnostic analyses show that the subgrid cloud variability has similar impact on the domain-averaged radiative fluxes and heating rates in ARM as in TOGA COARE.
BackgroundThe International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) defined that asbestos is a group 1 substance that causes lung cancer, mesothelioma (pleura and peritoneum), laryngeal cancer, and ovarian cancer in humans. Many studies on lung cancer, and mesothelioma caused by asbestos exposure have been conducted, but there was no case report of ovarian cancer due to asbestos exposure in Korea. We describe a case of ovarian cancer caused by asbestos exposure in a worker who worked at an asbestos textile factory for 3 years and 7 months in the late 1970s.Case presentationA 57-year-old woman visited the hospital because she had difficulty urinating. Ovarian cancer was suspected in radiologic examination, and exploratory laparotomy was performed. She was diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer. The patient did not undergo postoperative chemotherapy and recovered. She joined the asbestos factory in March 1976 and engaged in asbestos textile twisting and spinning for 1 year, 2 years and 7 months respectively. In addition, she lived near the asbestos factory for more than 20 years. There was no other specificity or family history.ConclusionConsidering the patient’s occupational and environmental history, it is estimated that she had been exposed to asbestos significantly, so we determined that ovarian cancer in the patient is highly correlated with the occupational exposure of asbestos and environmental exposure is a possible cause as well. Social devices are needed to prevent further exposure to asbestos. It is also necessary to recognize that ovarian cancer can occur in workers who have previously been exposed to asbestos, and the education and social compensation for those workers are needed.
The relationship among the surface albedo, cloud properties, and radiative fluxes is investigated for the first time using a year-long cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulation with the prescribed evolving surface albedo. In comparison with the run using a fixed surface albedo, the CRM with the observed surface albedo represents the shortwave radiative budget closer to the observations in the winter. The greater surface albedo induces weaker instability in the low troposphere so that the amount of low clouds decreases during the winter. This reduces the shortwave and longwave cloud radiative forcing at the surface. The analysis of the CRM simulations with the evolving surface albedo reveals that there is a critical value (0.35) of the surface albedo. For albedos greater than the critical value, the upward shortwave flux at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is positively proportional to the surface albedos when optically thin clouds exist, and is not much affected by reflection on the cloud top. If optically thick clouds occur and the surface albedo is greater than the critical value, the upward shortwave flux at the TOA is significantly influenced by the reflection of cloud top, but not much affected by the surface albedo. In addition, for albedos larger than the critical value, the downward shortwave flux at the surface is primarily influenced by the surface albedo and the reflection from the cloud base if optically thick clouds occur. However, the downward shortwave flux at the surface is not significantly affected by the surface albedo when optically thin clouds exist because the reflection on the cloud base is weak. When surface albedos are less than the critical value, those relationships among surface albedo, shortwave flux, and cloud properties are not obvious. The surface albedo effect on shortwave flux increases as solar zenith angle (SZA) decreases, but its dependence on the SZA is negligible when optically thick clouds exist.
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