Schedule Tribes (ST's) are Indian population groups that are explicitly recognized by the constitution of India order 1950. The order lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its first schedule. In Andhra Pradesh 34 types of Schedule Tribes are living in 13 districts. ST's are 5.7% are in total population of Andhra Pradesh. They have rich heritage along with their innocent life style. The tribal women, constitute like any other social group, about half of the total population. Tribal societies generally view gender as complimentary and egalitarian, where each role is defined but complimentary to the other. Men focus on cultivation and women plant and gather the food, thus both roles are necessary and complimentary in the holistic relationship of the family/community. Traditionally, tribal women and men had equal access to lands, animals and resources, and this was beneficial to the collective. However, as a result of the integration and assimilation efforts of dominant culture, capitalistic systems and the ideal of individual ownership, tribal women in particular experience fewer opportunities to access their natural resource and lands. As a consequence Gender relations within tribal society have been changing. The present paper is based on empirical study carried out in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh that highlights the plight of tribal women in present scenario.
In this paper presents the design of a circular microstrip fractal antenna (CMFA) loaded with parasitic edge-coupled (EC) split ring resonators (SRR) and defected ground structure (DGS). The basic resonant structure is a circular patch antenna designed at 3.2 GHz on FR4 substrate with relative permittivity 4.4, and 1.6 mm thickness. One iteration of circular patch and slots is employed to form it fractal and so as to attain multiband performance, the antenna is inset fed by a 50? microstrip line. Further the work is extended to demonstrate the effect of placing split ring resonator to particular position of substrate, improves the impedance matching leading to improved bandwidth. In addition L shaped defected ground structures are used to improve the antenna performance. . A comparison between fractal antenna with and without SRRs and DGS is made and the results verifies that a better gain improvement and return loss. The dimensions of the antenna are 45 mm x 45 mm and it can be used for ultra wide band (UWB) applications.
BACKGROUND Children from rural areas and urban slums suffer from poor quality of life. In spite of several health programmes in existence, conditions such as infections, malnutrition etc. continue to be major threats leading to morbidities among school children. This study was conducted to evaluate the various morbid conditions prevailing among school going children and compare the urban and rural scenarios in Visakhapatnam district. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and October 2019 (1 year) among secondary school children studying in classes 6 th to 10th (age between 11 and 15 years) of three randomly selected government schools in urban and rural areas. A total of 800 school going children was considered (400 from three rural and 400 from three urban schools) for the study. Prior approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee was taken for the study. Data was collected by using a pre-tested questionnaire. Clinical examination was conducted to detect any morbidity. RESULTS The most common morbid condition was found to be anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia was 47.12 %, followed by nose, throat, and eye conditions (33.87 %, 22.5 % and 30.75 % respectively) and morbidity of oral cavity (30.62 %). The prevalence of skin infections such as pediculosis and tinea and other fungal infections was 24.87 %. CONCLUSIONS Children in urban schools were found to be suffering more from skin, nose and throat abnormalities and anaemia as compared to children from rural schools who had ocular problems especially signs of Vitamin A deficiency along with anaemia. KEYWORDS Morbidity, School Children, Rural and Urban Areas
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